Module I Infection Powerpoint Flashcards
What are the components of the infection cycle?
- Infectious agent
- Portal of exit
- reservoir
- means of transportation
- Portal of entry
- susceptible host
What are examples of infections agents?
- Bacteria
- viruses
- fungi
Define reservoir
- Natural habitat of the organism
Define portal of exit
- Point of escape for the organism
What are the means of transmission?
- Direct contact
- indirect contact
- airborne route
Define portal of entry
- Point at which organisms enter a new host
Define susceptible host
- Must overcome resistance mounted by host’s defenses
Define bacteria
- Most significant and most prevalent in hospital settings
Define virus
Smallest of all microorganisms
Define fungi
Plant like organisms present in the air, soil, and water
Define parasites
Live on or in a host and rely on it for nourishment
What shapes are bacteria categorized with
- Spherical (cocci)
- rod shaped (bacilli)
- corkscrew shape (spirochetes)
What gram staining are bacteria categorized as?
- Gram positive
- gram negative
What are the bacteria oxygen categories?
- Aerobic: need oxygen to live
- anaerobic: can live without oxygen
What are the possible reservoirs for microorganisms?
- Other people
- animals
- soil
- food, water, milk
- inanimate objects
What are the common portals of exit?
- Respiratory
- gastrointestinal
- genitourinary tracts
- breaks in skin
- blood and issue
What are the means of transmission?
- Direct contact
- indirect contact: vector, fomite
- droplet
- airborne
What are the stages of infection?
- Incubation period
- prodromal stage
- full stage of illness
- convalescent period
What occurs in the incubation period?
When organisms grow and multiply
What occurs in the prodromal stage?
When the person is most infectious, vague and nonspecific signs of disease
What occurs in the full stage of illness?
- The presence of specific signs and symptoms of disease
What occurs in the convalescent period?
Recovery from the infection
What does inflammation do?
Helps the body neutralize, control, or eliminate the offending agent, and prepare the site for repair
What are the two types of inflammatory response?
Acute or chronic
What occurs in the vascular phase of the inflammatory response?
- Vasodilation increases blood flow
- histamine released causes permeability of vessels and protein-rich fluid to get to the injury
What occurs in the cellular stage of the inflammatory response?
- Leukocytes/neutrophils consume debris
- damaged cells are repaired
What are the two forms of immunity?
- Humoral immunity
- cell-mediated immunity
What are the two materials in humoral immunity?
- Antigen
- antibody
Define antigen
The foreign material (bacteria)
Define antibody
What is produced in the body in response to the antigen
What occurs in cell-mediated immunity?
The amount of lymphocytes increases which destroys or reacts with cells that the body recognizes as harmful
What factors affect risk for infection?
- Intact skin and mucous membranes
- normal pH levels
- body’s white blood cells
- age, sex, and hereditary factors
- immunization, natural or acquired
- fatigue, climate, nutritional and general health status
- use of invasive or indwelling medical devices
What laboratory data indicates infection?
- Elevated white blood cell count (normal is 5,000-10,000/mm3)
- increase in specific types of white blood cells
- elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- presence of pathogen in urine, blood, sputum, or draining cultures
How can infections be controlled?
- Demonstrate hand hygiene
- identify signs of infection
- maintain nutritional intake
- proper disposal of soiled articles
- appropriate cleansing and disinfecting techniques
- demonstrate awareness of the necessity of proper immunizations
- demunstante stress-reduction techniques
Define asepsis and the forms
- Includes all activities to prevent infection or break the chain of infection
- medical and surgical asepsis
Define medical asepsis and tactics
- Clean technique to reduce number of pathogens
- hand hygiene and wearing gloves
Define surgical asepsis and tactics
- Sterile technique to keep area free from microorganisms
- inserting an indwelling urinary catheter or IV
What are the five moments for hand hygiene (WHO)
- Moment l: before touching a patient
- moment 2: before a clean on aseptic procedure
- moment 3: after a body fluid exposure risk
- moment 4: after touching a patient
- moment 5: after touching patient surroundings
CAUTI
- Catheter-associated urinary tract infection
SSI
Surgical site infection
CLABSI
Central-line-associated bloodstream infection
MRSA
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
C. diff
Clostridioides difficile
CDIs
Clostridioides difficile infections
MRSA
Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
VISA
Vancomycin intermediate - resistant staphylococcus aureus
VRSA
Vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
VRE
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci
CRE
Carbapenem-resistant enterobacteriaceae
CRAB
Carbapenem-resistant acinetobacter baumannii
CDI
Clostridioides difficile
PPE
- Gloves
- gowns
- masks
-Protective eyewear
Patient teaching for medical asepsis at home
- Wash hands before preparing or eating food
- prepare food at high enough temperatures
- Wash hands, cutting boards, and utensils
- keep food refrigerated
- Wash raw fruits and vegetables
- use pasteurized milk and fruit juices
