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Neuroscience > Module Exam 6: Diencephalon, Olfaction & Hearing > Flashcards

Module Exam 6: Diencephalon, Olfaction & Hearing Flashcards

0
Q

Is the region of the embryogenic vertebrate neural tube that gives rise to posterior forebrain structures including the thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior portion of the pituitary gland and pineal gland.

A

Diencephalon

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1
Q

Subdivisions of the Diencephalon

A

Subthalamus, Hypothalamus, Epithalamus & Thalamus “SHET”

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2
Q

Smallest and oldest part of the diencephalon. Linked to the limbic system. Autonomic, endocrine, reproductive (mating behavior) and circadian rhythm.

A

Epithalamus

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3
Q

Composition of Epithalamus

A

Pineal body, Habenula & Posterior commissure “PHP”

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4
Q

A pair of small nuclei located above the thalamus at its posterior end. It denoted the stalk of the pineal gland, as it sits just in front of the pineal body.

A

Habenula

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5
Q

Extending anteriorly from the habenula which is visible at the dorsal surface of the thalamus. It is divided into medial and lateral habenula, connected to different brain areas and have different functions.

A

Stria medullaris

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6
Q

Medial habenula originates from the

A

Septum

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7
Q

Lateral habenula from

A

Globus pallidus & Lateral hypothalamus “GL”

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8
Q

Projects mainly to the interpeduncular nucleus

A

Medial Habenula

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9
Q

Project to the ventral tegmental area and substancia nigra pars compacta. Inhibitory to ________ neurons.

A

Lateral Habenula. Dopaminergic.

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10
Q

Controls the circadian rhythm in mammals.

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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11
Q

Involved in the expression of circadian rhythm. Inhibitory control motor behavior- mediated through the activity of dopaminergic neurons. Related to pain, stress and anxiety.

A

Habenula

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12
Q

Are tonically activated or supressed by retinal illumination. Associated with negative emotions. It is excited nociceptive stimulus.

A

Lateral Habenula

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13
Q

Disrupt female sexual behavior and maternal behavior.

A

Habenular lesion

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14
Q

Synchronize or reset or Circadian rhythm. It is a small midline mass of glandular tissue that secretes the hormone ________.

A

Pineal gland. Melatonin.

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15
Q

Plays a central role in control of diurnal rhythms.

A

Melatonin

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16
Q

In humans, a portion of the control of diurnal rhythms has been taken over by the ________, but there is increase evidence that the pineal gland and melatonin plays a limited role.

A

Hypothalamus

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17
Q

Can induce a precocious puberty in males, it has been suggested that the pineal is also involve in timing the onset of puberty.

A

Tumor of the pineal

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18
Q

Is calcified and cam serve as a marker for the midline of the brain.

A

Pineal

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19
Q

Ventral to the thalamus and lateral to the hypothalamus. Plays a role in the degeneration of rhythmic movements.

A

Subthalamus

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20
Q

Provides the most effective treatment for late stage Parkinson’s disease

A

Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus (STN)

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21
Q

A large relay station. Main type of info that gets relayed here is sensory info. Motor is likewise relayed. All sensory info going to the brain (except for _______) has to make a pit stop in here in order to be relayed appropriately.

A

Hypothalamus. Olfactory.

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22
Q

Runs longitudinally and separates the thalamus into medial and lateral nuclear masses.

A

Internal medullary lamina

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23
Q

5 Nuclear groups of Hypothalamus

A

Ventral, Lateral, Anterior, Intralaminar & Medial

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24
Q

Nuclear Groups & Nuclei: Medial

A

Mediodorsal nucleus

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25
Q

Nuclear Groups & Nuclei: Lateral

A

Lateral dorsal, Lateral posterior & Pulvinar “LLP”

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26
Q

Nuclear Groups & Nuclei: Ventral

A

Ventro anterior/Ventral lateral, Ventral posterior, Medial geniculate body & Lateral geniculate body “VVML”

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27
Q

Nuclear Groups & Nuclei: Anterior

A

Anterior nucleus

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28
Q

Nuclear Groups & Nuclei: Intralaminar

A

Centromedian

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29
Q

Anterior nuclear group receives input from ___________. Its cortical connections is at the __________.

A

Limbic system (including mammillary bodies) Cingulate gyrus

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30
Q

Mediodorsal nucleus receive input from ___________. Cortical connection: pain relayed ________. Olfactory relayed to _______ & __________.

A

Olfactory cortex & Spinothalamic. Prefrontal. Insula and Orbitofrontal cortex.

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31
Q

Lateral dorsal nuclei receives input from ______. Cortical connection is the _________.

A

Limbic system. Cingulate gyrus.

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32
Q

Lateral and Pulvinar nuclei receives input from ______ and cortical connections are _________.

A

Different sources. Association cortex: parietal, occipital & temporal.

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33
Q

Ventral Lateral & Ventral Anterior nuclei receives input from _______. Cortical connections are ________ & _______.

A

Cerebellum, Globus Pallidus & Substancia nigra. Motor & Premotor.

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34
Q

VPL & VPM nuclei receives input from ________. Cortical connection is at the ________.

A

Medial Lemniscus. Somatic sensory cortex.

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35
Q

MGB receives input from _________ and cortical connection is at the ________.

A

Inferior colliculus. Auditory cortex.

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36
Q

LGB receives input from __________ & cortical connection is at the _________.

A

Retinal ganglion cells. Primary visual cortex.

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37
Q

Sheet like nuclei of intralaminar receives input from _________. Cortical connection is _______.

A

ARAS & Spinothalamic. Diffuse.

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38
Q

CM nucleus receives input from __________. Cortical connection is at the _______.

A

Globus pallidus & Substancia nigra. Motor cortex.

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39
Q

If damage includes _____ & _____, a contralateral hemianesthesia usually results. Typically all somatic sensory modalities are affected.

A

VPL & VPM

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40
Q

Are sometimes seen after a period of recovery from damage VPL & VPM. These do not occur with lesions confined to cerebral hemisphere.

A

Hyperalgesia & Spontaneous pain

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41
Q

If ____ is affected there is a contralateral homonymous hemianopsia.

A

LGB

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42
Q

If damage extend into the _____, complex movement disorders result both the cerebellum and basal ganglia project here.

A

VA/VL

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43
Q

Extremely important in maintaining homeostasis. It does so by regulating 3 inter-related functions.

A

Hypothalamus

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44
Q

Hypothalamus function: control hormones secreted by the pituitary gland

A

Endocrine secretions

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45
Q

Hypothalamus function: integrates via direct projection to preganglionic autonomic neurons located in the brain stem & spinal cord.

A

Autonomic functions

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46
Q

Hypothalamus function: numerous interconnections with the limbic system.

A

Emotions and drives

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47
Q

Contains neurons that produce the ADH/Vasopressin

A

Supraoptic nucleus

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48
Q

Produce oxytocin

A

Paraventricular nucleus

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49
Q

Involved in controlling circadian rhythms

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

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50
Q

Contain cell that produce _______, which control the various aspects of sleep.

A

Tuberal region of the Hypothalamus. Orexins.

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51
Q

Play a role in memory and learning

A

Mamillary bodies

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52
Q

Hypothalamic inputs: collects all the visceral sensory information from the vagus.

A

Nucleus of Solitary tract

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53
Q

Hypothalamic inputs: via the ______. Helps regulate the behavior of eating and reproduction.

A

Limbic system. Fornix.

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54
Q

Hypothalamic inputs: via direct branches of the optic nerve goong to the SCMN.

A

Retina

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55
Q

Hypothalamic inputs: intrinsic receptors (thermo/osmo/chemoreceptors)

A

Blood

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56
Q

Hypothalamic output: neural signals to the autonomic nervous system via projections to the __________ and the ________ of the spinal cord. Neural signal to the _______. Endocrine signal to the ________.

A

Brainstem vagal nuclei. Preganglionic nuclei. Limbic system. Pituitary gland.

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57
Q

It is a very odd & important gland. Only half of this gland is diencephalic. The neural part is the ___________. The glandular part is the _______ derived from ________.

A

Neurohypophysis. Adenohypophysis. Oral epithelium.

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58
Q

Hypothalamus control endocrine system via _________ of neuroendocrine products into the general circulation via the vasculature of the __________.

A

Direct secretion. Posterior Pituitary.

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59
Q

Hypothalamus control endocrine system by indirectly secreting __________ for the _________.

A

Releasing factors. Anterior Pituitary.

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60
Q

Means border, intermediate or transitional. In the brain it is the border between the ________ & ________. For emotion, behavior, motivation, long term memory & olfaction.

A

Limbic system. Neocortex & Diencephalon.

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61
Q

Formation of long term memories.

A

Hippocampus

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62
Q

Involved in signaling the cortex of stimuli related to being pleasant or unpleasant. Formation and storage of memories associated with emotional events.

A

Amygdala

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63
Q

Process of recognition memory (recollection memory)

A

Mammilary body

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64
Q

Carries signals from hippocampus to mammilary body and septal nuclei

A

Fornix

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65
Q

Play a role in reward and reinforcement along with the ________. Considered a pleasure zone in animals.m

A

Septal nuclei. Nucleus accumbens.

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66
Q

Formation of spatial memory

A

Parahippocampal gyrus

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67
Q

Autonomic functions regulating heart rate, BP, cognitive & attention processing.

A

Cingulate gyrus

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68
Q

Important memory and associative components

A

Entorhinal cortex

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69
Q

Relates to the olfactory system

A

Piriform cortex

70
Q

Required for decision making

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

71
Q

Encoding and recognition of scenes rather than faces or objects.

A

Spatial memory

72
Q

Lesion: cannot build new memories. Everything she experiences fade away and old memories before damage are untouched.

A

Hippocampus

73
Q

Lesion: social and emotional deficits

A

Amygdala

74
Q

Lesion: amnesic syndromes

A

Mammilary body

75
Q

Lesion: memory impairment

A

Fornix

76
Q

Lesion: syndrome in which patients cannot visually recognize scenes even though they can recognize the individual objects in the scene.

A

Parahippocampal gyrus

77
Q

Contains the olfactory receptor neurons that are responsible for scent transduction.

A

Olfactory mucosa

78
Q

The transduction occurs in the olfactory receptors located on _______ at the ends of the olfactory receptor neurons.

A

Cilia

79
Q

Can reach the olfactory receptors via two pathways

A

Odorant molecules

80
Q

In _________, molecules reach the olfactory mucosa via inhaled air.

A

Passive route

81
Q

In _________, the molecules attach to an olfactory protein that transports them directly to the olfactory receptors.

A

Assisted pathway

82
Q

There are about ______ kinds of olfactory receptors; all the olfactroy receptors are the same on each _________.

A
  1. Receptor neuron.
83
Q
  1. The attachment of _________ to the olfactory receptors create a series of chemical reactions that result in an ________ in the cilia.
A

Scent molecules. Action potential.

84
Q
  1. The electrical signal is sent via the axons of the olfactory neurons to structures called ________ on the __________.
A

Glomeruli. Olfactory bulbs.

85
Q
  1. Within the olfactory bulbs the olfactory nerve synapse on _________ whose axons project directly to the ________.
A

Mitral cortex. Olfactory cortex.

86
Q
  1. From the olfactory bulbs, it is conducted by the ___________ to the primary olfactory cortex. From there it goes to the thalamus, orbito frontal cortex & insular cortex.
A

Lateral olfactory tract

87
Q

Nucleus in the hypothalamus for olfaction

A

Mediodorsal nucleus

88
Q

Where conscious smell perception occurs

A

Orbito frontal cortex

89
Q

Site where olfactory and taste input are integrated

A

Insular cortex

90
Q

Those portions of the cerebral cortex that receive direct projections from the ________( via _________) are collectively referred to as the _________.

A

Olfactory bulbs. Mitral cell axons. Olfactory cortex.

91
Q

Is the one area of cortex that receives direct sensory input without an interposed thalamic connection.

A

Olfactory cortex

92
Q

Most of the cortex is of ____________ type.

A

Primitive 3 layered

93
Q

The olfactory pathways up to the level of the _________ are completely separated, so each ______ can be tested separately in order to detect a __________.

A

Anterior commisure. Nostril. Unilateral anosmia.

94
Q

There are endings of the ________ (free nerve endings) within the nasal cavity which respond to irritatibg or pungent odors.

A

Trigeminal nerve

95
Q

Nerve bundles can be severed as a result of ________ or other pathology in this region with a resulting partial or complete anosmia.

A

Skull fractures

96
Q

Covers the rostral portion of the parahippocampal gyrus and the uncus

A

Temporal lobe of the olfactory cortex

97
Q

Is known to be a site of seizure, these are preceded with hallucinations of diagreeable odors, reflecting the olfactory function.

A

Temporal lobe

98
Q

Due to optic nerve compression, olfactory nerve compression and Increase ICP. S/sx: optic atrophy, anosmia, central scotoma and papilledema.

A

Foster-Kennedy Syndrome

99
Q

Foster-Kennedy Syndrome lateralization: Optic atrophy

A

Ipsilateral

100
Q

Foster-Kennedy Syndrome lateralization: Papilledema

A

Contralateral

101
Q

Foster-Kennedy Syndrome lateralization: Anosmia

A

Ipsilateral

102
Q

Foster-Kennedy Syndrome lateralization: Central scotoma

A

Ipsilateral

103
Q

Is formed by auricular and annular cartilages

A

External auditory meatus

104
Q

Four opening of the middle ear

A

Tympanic membrane(eardrum), Oval/Vestibular window, Round/Cochlear window & Eustachian tube “TORE”

105
Q

Separates the tympanic cavity from perilymph in the vestibule

A

Oval or Vestibular window

106
Q

Separates the tympanic cavity from external auditory meatus

A

Tympanic membrane or Eardrum

107
Q

Separates the tympanic cavity from perilymph in the scala tympani

A

Round or Cochlear window

108
Q

Connects middle ear to nasopharynx

A

Eustachian tube

109
Q

Three ossicles in the middle ear which transmit tympanic membrane movements to the membrane of the oval window.

A

Stapes, Incus & Malleus “SIM”

110
Q

Two muscles reflexly dampen ossicle movement, to suppress forceful low frequencies.

A

Tensor tympani muscle & Stapedius muscle

111
Q

Innervated by facial nerve, pulls the stapes away from the oval window.

A

Stapedius muscle

112
Q

Innervated by trigeminal nerve, pulls malleus thus tensing the tympanic membrane.

A

Tensor tympani muscle

113
Q

Consists the cochlea and the vestibular apparatus

A

Inner ear

114
Q

Is a component of osseous labyrinth that contains perilymph and the cochlear duct.

A

Cochlea

115
Q

Is a component of membranous labyrinth and contains endolymph.

A

Cochlear duct

116
Q

The cochlea makes 2.5 turns in man, around a core of bone, known as ________, through which the cochlear nerve passes.

A

Modiolus

117
Q

Within the cochlea, this separates two perilymph chambers namely scala vestibuli & scala tympani.

A

Scala media/Cochlea duct

118
Q

Contacts the oval window membrane

A

Scala vestibuli

119
Q

Contacts the round window membrane

A

Scala tympani

120
Q

Is triangular in cross section. A thin vestibular membrane separates cochlear duct from scala vestibuli, presenting an ionic barrier between _______ & _______.

A

Cochlear duct/Scala media. Perilymph & Endolymph.

121
Q

Separate cochlear duct from the scala tympani

A

Osseus Spiral Lamina & Basilar Membrane

122
Q

Within the cochlear duct, a ________ sits atop the basilar membrane along its entire length from the base to the apex of the cochlea.

A

Spiral organ

123
Q

Is critical in the physiology of hearing. It consists of radial fibers that extend outward from the osseous spiral lamina. The fibers are shortest and stiffest at the base of the cochlea and they are longest at the apex.

A

Basilar membrane

124
Q

Features receptor/hair cells arranged along one inner row and three outer rows.

A

Spiral organ/Organ of Corti

125
Q

Has dozens of stereocilia on its free surface.

A

Hair cells

126
Q

Hair cells are held in place by

A

Reticular membrane/plate

127
Q

Hair cells are anchored to the

A

Basilar membrane

128
Q

Project above the reticular plate, making contact with a Tectorial membrane.

A

Stereocilia

129
Q

Arises from the _______, a tissue mass set solidly on the osseous spiral lamina.

A

Tectorial membrane. Limbus.

130
Q

Begins with pressure waves impacting the tympanic membrane, causing it to vibrate.

A

Hearing

131
Q

The vibration is transmitted from ______ to _____ to ______.

A

Malleus. Incus. Stapes. “MIS”

132
Q

Rocks in & out, causing the membrane of the oval window to produce pressure waves within perilymph of the scala vestibuli.

A

Stapes

133
Q

Is transmitted without lost to endolymph in the cochlear duct

A

Pressure

134
Q

Offers no resistance to fluid pressure

A

Vestibular membrane

135
Q

The pressure wave displaces the _______, transmitting pressure to the ________ and displacing the membrane of the round window.

A

Basilar membrane. Scala tympani.

136
Q

As a pressure wave travels from the base to the apex of the cochlea, displacement of the _________ is greatest where the membrane is resonant to the frequency of the traveling wave.

A

Basilar membrane.

137
Q

High frequency traveling waves cause displacement at the

A

Base of the cochlear

138
Q

Low frequency waves travel to the

A

Apex of the cochlea

139
Q

Movement of the ________ imparts a rocking action, proportional to degree of displacement, to the _______ which rests upon the membrane.

A

Basilar membrane. Spiral organ.

140
Q

In contact with stationary tectorial membrane, are displaced to relative to the moving hair cells.

A

Cilia

141
Q

Doesn’t rock because it is attached to the limbus, which sits on the bone (____________)

A

Tectorial membrane. Osseous spiral lamina.

142
Q

Cilia displacement opens K+ channels leading to depolarization of hair cells, release of _______ neurotransmitter, depolarization of ______ that synapse on the hair cells, and increase frequencies of action potentials in the ________.

A

Glutamate. Dendrites. Cochlear nerve.

143
Q

Cilia displacement in other direction results in _______ and decrease frequency of action potentials.

A

Hyperpolarization

144
Q

Modulates an on going K+ current from the endolymph through the hair cell to the perilymph.

A

Cilia displacement

145
Q

Modulates action potentials in the cochlear nerve

A

Hair cell excitability

146
Q

Auditory Pathway: 1. Cochlear nerve fibers synapse in ___________, typically each fiber synapse in both nuclei.

A

Dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei

147
Q

Auditory Pathway: 2. Thereafter, the auditory pathway is ______ & ______ because of many possibilities.

A

Bilateral. Complex.

148
Q

Auditory Pathway: 3. Fibers decussate in the _______, the pathway then ascends in the _______ and then in the _________, and then in ________, from which neurons send their axons through the internal capsule to cerebral cortex surrounding the ________.

A

Trapezoid body. Lateral lemniscus. Brachium of the caudal colliculus. Medial geniculate body. Sylvian sulcus.

149
Q

Primary auditory cortex is located in the

A

Sylvian sulcus

150
Q

Lesions of cochlear nuclei produce

A

Unilateral deafness

151
Q

Lesions _____ to the cochlear nuclei affect both ears. Because it is ______.

A

Central. Bilateral.

152
Q

Is present when the sound is not reaching the inner ear, the cochlea. This can be due to external ear canal malformation, dysfunction of the eardrum or malfunction of the bones of the middle ear.

A

Conductive hearing impairment

153
Q

The ear drum may show defects from small to total resulting in hearing loss of different degree. Dysfunction of the three small bones of the middle ear (malleus, incus & stapes) may cause

A

Conductive hearing loss

154
Q

The mobility of the _______ may be impaired for different reasons and disruption of the ossicular chain due to trauma, infection or anchylosis may cause hearing loss.

A

Ossicles

155
Q

Etiologies are cerumen, otitis externa, foreign body, perforated tympanic mebrane, otitis media, cholesteatoma & temporal bone trauma.

A

Conductive hearing loss

156
Q

Is one caused by dysfunction of the inner ear, the cochlea, the nerve that transmits the impulses from the cochlea to the hearing center in the brain or damage in the brain.

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

157
Q

The most common reason for sensorineural hearing impairment is damage to the

A

Hair cells in the cochlea

158
Q

Etiologies are aplasia of the cochlea, in born cholesteatoma & rubella syndrome.

A

Congenital sensorineural hearing loss

159
Q

Etiologies are suppurative labyrinthitis, meningitis, measles, ototoxic drugs, physical trauma, prolonged exposure to loud noise (>90dB) and acoustic neuroma.

A

Acquired sensorineural hearing loss

160
Q

A combination of two. Chronic ear infection can cause a defective ear drum or middle ear ossicle damages, or both.

A

Mixed hearing loss

161
Q

Is performed by placing a high frequency(512Hz) vibrwting tuning fork against the patient’s mastoid bone and asking the patient to tell you when the sound is no longer heard. Once they signal they can’t hesr it, quickly position the still vibrating tuning fork ______ from the auditory canal.

A

Rinne Test. 1-2cm.

162
Q

Normal Rinne Test: air conduction should be ______ than bone conduction and so the patient should be able to hear the tuning fork next to the ______ after they can no longer hear it when held against the _______.

A

Greater. Pinna. Mastoid.

163
Q

If they are not able to hear the tuning fork after mastoid test, it means their bone conduction is ______ than their air conduction. This indicates there is something inhibiting the passage of ________ from the ear canal, through the middle apparatus and cochlea ( there is _______ hearing loss)

A

Greater. Sound waves. Conductive hearing loss.

164
Q

The ability to sense both bone and air conduction is equally diminished.

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

165
Q

Sensorineurally hearing loss the ability to sense the tuning fork by ______ & ______ is equally diminished.

A

Bone & Air conduction

166
Q

Sensorineurally hearing loss patients usually can hear better on the ________ than _________, but indicate the sound has stopped much earlier than conductive loss patients.

A

Mastoid. Air process.

167
Q

Tuning fork is placed in the middle of the forehead, or on top of the head equi-distant from the patient’s ears. The patient is asked to report in which ear the sound is heard louder.

A

Weber test

168
Q

A normal weber test has a patient reporting the sound heard ______ in both sides.

A

Equally

169
Q

In an affected patient, if the defective ear hears the weber tuning fork louder. The finding indicates a __________ in the defective ear.

A

Conductive hearing loss

170
Q

In an affected patient, if the normal ear hears the tuning fork sound better. There is _________ on the other (defective) ear.

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

171
Q

Anatomical site is inner ear, CN VII & central processing enters. Sound localizes to normal ear. Positive Rinne; air conduction > bone conduction (both air & bone conduction are decreased equally, but the difference between them is unchanged)

A

Sensorineural hearing loss

172
Q

Anatomical site is middle ear (ossicular chain), tympanic membrane or external ear). Sound localizes to affected ear (ear with conductive loss). Negative Rinne; bone conduction > air conduction, bone or air gap)

A

Conductive hearing loss

Neuroscience (8 decks)

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