Module A

Question 1

Chromosomes

Answer 1

Double helix DNA w/ histone proteins

Question 2

Gene vs Gene product

Answer 2

Gene is a section on DNA that codes for 1 functional RNA or polypeptide

Question 3

Intergenic region

Answer 3

in-b/t-genes region for bacteria, and are may control function of genes

Question 4

Regulatory sequence vs introns (intervening sequence) vs exons

Answer 4

Reg: Beginning or end of sequence and acts to REGULATE transcription (eg. CRP in lactose)
Introns: Non-translated segments of a gene (eukaryotes only, bigger the animal the more introns it has)
Exons: coding segments of the gene

Question 5

Simple sequence repeats (SSR)/Satellite DNA/Highly repetitive DNA

Answer 5

SSR: less than 10 base pairs (eg. telomere and centromere) All three are the same thing

Question 6

Centromere/Miotic spindle

Answer 6

Centromere is an SSR and it helps the Miotic spindle identify it and link to the centromere

Question 7

Telomerase/Telomere

Answer 7

Telomere is the end of the DNA strand in eukaryotes with an SSR consisting mostly of TG
It helps prevent loss of genetic information during DNA replication
Telomerase is the enzyme that makes telomeres

Question 8

functional groups/moiety

Answer 8

easily identifiable part of a molecule that allows you to predict the functionality of the molecule

Question 9

group prefix vs group suffix vs compound class

Answer 9

Prefix n- means normal unbranched

Suffix gives the highest priority functional group

Question 10

hydroxy(l)- alcohol

Answer 10

OH group. It is polar and makes the molecule more soluble in water
hydroxy is the prefix, the functional group is hydroxyl

Question 11

Amino/amine/aminium

Answer 11

Amino RNH3 Amine RNH2 Ammonium NH4+

Question 12

carbon tetravalent bonding vs phosphorus pentavalent bonding

Answer 12

Carbon can make 4 covalent bonds (octet)

Phosphorus can make 5 covalent bonds

Question 13

Carboxy(l)/carboxylic acid/carboxylate

Answer 13

Carboxyl is a COOH group
Carboxylic acid is a carboxyl group on an organic compound
Carboxylate is the deprotonated form of a Carboxyl

Question 14

phosphonoxy “phospho” /phosphate

Answer 14

Phosphate is PO3

and is the salt of phosphoric acid

Question 15

Amino acid

Answer 15

consists of a backbone made an amine and a carboxylic acid, and a side chain/ R group

Question 16

Amino group vs carboxylate group vs alpha carbon

Answer 16

The amino and carboxylate are the pronated and deprotonated versions of “ and “. The alpha carbon is the carbon next to the carboxyl group.

Question 17

Nucleoside vs Nucleoside phosphate(nucleotide)

Answer 17

Nucleoside is a nucleotide without any phosphate groups

Nucleotide consist of a nitrogenous base +pentose +phosphate

Question 18

Purine vs pyrimidine

Answer 18

Pure as Gold (Gold is heavy so it has 2 rings) AG
made of a pyrimidine ring fused with an imidazole ring
pyrimidines TC
Pyridine but substitute 3’ carbon for a nitrogen

Question 19

glycosyl(pentose/furanose)/ prime numbering for pentose

——-

Answer 19

Count carbons on the pentose from the right side of the oxygen and go clockwise
Glycosyl:

Question 20

Condensation/dehydration vs hydrolysis

Answer 20

water is a by-product of making peptide bonds

hydrolysis is the breaking of a bond using water

Question 21

amide group/peptide bond

Answer 21

amide (CONH2) is made by combining a carboxylate group and an amino group
Forming an amide group= forming a polypeptide bond

Question 22

ester vs diester

Answer 22

ester is an RCOOR
diester is the COPOOC part of the RNA/DNA strand
This covalent bond between the carbons and the oxygens keep the DNA/RNA stable
The backbone is made of repeating 5’-4’-3’-phosphate-‘5
its called a phosphodiester bond since there are 2 carbons attached to the carbon

Question 23

residue vs polymer

Answer 23

Residue used when referring to a specific monomer in a polymeric chain
Polymers are many monomers joined together

Question 24

peptide vs dipeptide vs oligopeptide vs polypeptide

Answer 24

peptide: amide bond between amino acids
dipeptide: either 2 amino acids and 1 peptide bond
or 1 amino acid with 2 peptide bonds
oligopeptide: less than 50 peptides
polypeptide: more than 50 peptides

Question 25

oligonucleotide vs polynucleotide

Answer 25

oligo: less than 50
Poly: longer than oligo

Question 26

free (terminal) groups

Answer 26

1

Question 27

amino group vs carboxyl group in polypeptides

Answer 27

1

Question 28

5’ vs 3’ end in polynucleotide

Answer 28

1

Question 29

N-terminal vs C-terminal direction/ 5’ vs 3’ direction

Answer 29

1