Module A Flashcards
Chromosomes
Double helix DNA w/ histone proteins
Gene vs Gene product
Gene is a section on DNA that codes for 1 functional RNA or polypeptide
Intergenic region
in-b/t-genes region for bacteria, and are may control function of genes
Regulatory sequence vs introns (intervening sequence) vs exons
Reg: Beginning or end of sequence and acts to REGULATE transcription (eg. CRP in lactose)
Introns: Non-translated segments of a gene (eukaryotes only, bigger the animal the more introns it has)
Exons: coding segments of the gene
Simple sequence repeats (SSR)/Satellite DNA/Highly repetitive DNA
SSR: less than 10 base pairs (eg. telomere and centromere) All three are the same thing
Centromere/Miotic spindle
Centromere is an SSR and it helps the Miotic spindle identify it and link to the centromere
Telomerase/Telomere
Telomere is the end of the DNA strand in eukaryotes with an SSR consisting mostly of TG
It helps prevent loss of genetic information during DNA replication
Telomerase is the enzyme that makes telomeres
functional groups/moiety
easily identifiable part of a molecule that allows you to predict the functionality of the molecule
group prefix vs group suffix vs compound class
Prefix n- means normal unbranched
Suffix gives the highest priority functional group
hydroxy(l)- alcohol
OH group. It is polar and makes the molecule more soluble in water
hydroxy is the prefix, the functional group is hydroxyl
Amino/amine/aminium
Amino RNH3 Amine RNH2 Ammonium NH4+
carbon tetravalent bonding vs phosphorus pentavalent bonding
Carbon can make 4 covalent bonds (octet)
Phosphorus can make 5 covalent bonds
Carboxy(l)/carboxylic acid/carboxylate
Carboxyl is a COOH group
Carboxylic acid is a carboxyl group on an organic compound
Carboxylate is the deprotonated form of a Carboxyl
phosphonoxy “phospho” /phosphate
Phosphate is PO3
and is the salt of phosphoric acid
Amino acid
consists of a backbone made an amine and a carboxylic acid, and a side chain/ R group
Amino group vs carboxylate group vs alpha carbon
The amino and carboxylate are the pronated and deprotonated versions of “ and “. The alpha carbon is the carbon next to the carboxyl group.
Nucleoside vs Nucleoside phosphate(nucleotide)
Nucleoside is a nucleotide without any phosphate groups
Nucleotide consist of a nitrogenous base +pentose +phosphate
Purine vs pyrimidine
Pure as Gold (Gold is heavy so it has 2 rings) AG
made of a pyrimidine ring fused with an imidazole ring
pyrimidines TC
Pyridine but substitute 3’ carbon for a nitrogen
glycosyl(pentose/furanose)/ prime numbering for pentose
——-
Count carbons on the pentose from the right side of the oxygen and go clockwise
Glycosyl:
Condensation/dehydration vs hydrolysis
water is a by-product of making peptide bonds
hydrolysis is the breaking of a bond using water
amide group/peptide bond
amide (CONH2) is made by combining a carboxylate group and an amino group
Forming an amide group= forming a polypeptide bond
ester vs diester
ester is an RCOOR
diester is the COPOOC part of the RNA/DNA strand
This covalent bond between the carbons and the oxygens keep the DNA/RNA stable
The backbone is made of repeating 5’-4’-3’-phosphate-‘5
its called a phosphodiester bond since there are 2 carbons attached to the carbon
residue vs polymer
Residue used when referring to a specific monomer in a polymeric chain
Polymers are many monomers joined together
peptide vs dipeptide vs oligopeptide vs polypeptide
peptide: amide bond between amino acids
dipeptide: either 2 amino acids and 1 peptide bond
or 1 amino acid with 2 peptide bonds
oligopeptide: less than 50 peptides
polypeptide: more than 50 peptides
oligonucleotide vs polynucleotide
oligo: less than 50
Poly: longer than oligo
free (terminal) groups
1
amino group vs carboxyl group in polypeptides
1
5’ vs 3’ end in polynucleotide
1
N-terminal vs C-terminal direction/ 5’ vs 3’ direction
1