Module 9 : PSAX 2D Views and Measurements Flashcards

1
Q

Parasternal short axis views

A
  • imaged at 6 different levels
  • the beam is swept from base to apex
  • fro PLAX rotate 90’ clockwise
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2
Q

PSAX levels

A

1) PV/PA level (pulmonary valve and artery)
2) bse (AV) level - widest part of heart
3) MV level (mitral valve)
4) LV base level
5) LV mid (pap) level
6) LV apex

  • 4, 5 & 6 is where wall motion is assessed
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3
Q

PSAX PA level structures

A
- almost identical to PLAX RVOT view
   \+ RVOT 
   \+ PV
      - left posterior pulmonary cusp
      - right posterior pulmonary cusp 
   \+ Main pulmonary artery
      - right pulmonary artery
      - left pulmonary artery 
occasionally AV and TV
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4
Q

PSAX base (AV) level structures

A
  • main focus is AV and MUST SEE ALL 3 LEAFLETS
  • superior vena cava
  • right atrium
  • tricuspid valve
    + septal and anterior leaflets
  • right ventricle
  • pulmonary valve
    + LPC & RPC
  • pulmonary artery (maybe branches)
  • AV
    + RCC, LCC, NCC
  • left atrium
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5
Q

PSAX MV level structures

A
  • RV free wall (any part not touching septum)
  • RV chamber
  • IVS
  • anterior mitral leaflet
  • posterior mitral leaflet
  • MV annulus
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6
Q

MV scallops

A
  • anterior leaflet numbered first from lateral to medial

- posterior scallops numbered according to corresponding anterior leaflet

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7
Q

wall motion assessment at MV level

A

WALL MOTION NOT ASSESSED AT THIS LEVEL BECAUSE WALL DOES NOT MOVE SYMMETRICALLY

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8
Q

PSAX LV base

A
  • level is millimetres below the MV level at the level of the chordae tendonae
  • if you see MV leaflets to high/superior
  • if you see pap muscles attached to wall to low/inferior
  • show see chordae and conversion of chordae
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9
Q

wall motion assessment at LV base level

A

YOU CAN ASSESS WALL MOTION AT THIS LEVEL

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10
Q

PSAX Mid (pap) level structures

A
  • RV free wall
  • RV chamber
  • IVS
  • 2 pap muscles attached to LV wall
  • pericardium
  • ALL WALLS OF THE LV SIMULTANEOUSLY
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11
Q

wall motion assessment at pap level

A

CAN ASSES WALL MOTION AT THIS LEVEL

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12
Q

PSAX apical level structures

A
  • inferior to pap muscles so none should be seen
    + all walls of the LV at the apical level
    + a sliver of the RV
    + excellent for viewing pericardial effusions
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13
Q

LV segments short axis - base

A

FROM ANTERIOR CLOCKWISE

anterior > anterolateral > inferolateral > inferior > inferoseptal > anteroseptal

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14
Q

LV segments short axis - mid

A

FROM ANTERIOR CLOCKWISE

anterior > anterolateral > inferolateral > inferior > inferoseptal > anteroseptal

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15
Q

LV segments short axis - apex

A

FROM ANTERIOR CLOCKWISE

anterior > later > inferior > septal

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16
Q

LV segments - apical 4

A

FROM BASAL INFEROLATERAL CLOCKWISE

basal inferolateral > mid inferolateral > septal > apex > lateral > mid anterolateral > base anterolateral

17
Q

LV segments - apical 2 chamber

A

FROM BASAL INFERIOR CLOCKWISE

basal inferior > mid inferior > inferior > apical cap > anterior > mid anterior > base anterior

18
Q

LV segments - apical long axis

A

FROM BASAL INFEROLATERAL CLOCKWISE

basal inferolateral > mid inferolateral > lateral > apical cap > septum > mid anteroseptal > base anterospetal

19
Q

perfusion territories

A
  • each segment has particular artery which usually perfuse it
  • by knowing names of all walls and noticing abnormal movement of wall we can indirectly diagnose schema or infarct of a particular artery
  • need to see every wall of LV simultaneously
20
Q

Perfusion territories - RCA

A

basal inferior mid inferior apical inferior
basal inferolateral mid inferolateral
basal inferospetal mid inferoseptal

21
Q

perfusion territories - LAD

A

basal anterior mid anterior apical anterior
basal anteroseptal mid anterolateral apical lateral
basal anterolateral mid anteroseptal apical inferior
mid inferoseptal apical septal

22
Q

perfusion territories - CX

A

basal anterolateral mid anterolateral apical lateral
basal inferolateral mid inferolateral

23
Q

PSAX measurement s

A
  • only measure is of RVOT / PA diameter
  • RVOT diameter = proximal to the PV
  • PA diameter = distal to the PV
24
Q

RVOT NORMAL MEASUREMENT

A

5 - 10 mm