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Fundamentals Of Respiratory Care > Module 9: Interpreting Clinical & Lab Data > Flashcards

Module 9: Interpreting Clinical & Lab Data Flashcards

1
Q

White Blood Cell Count (WBC)

A

3.9-11.7x 10(3)/mcL

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2
Q

Leukocytosis

A

WBC count above normal.
Common with infection, stress, and trauma.

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3
Q

Leukopenia

A

WBC below normal.

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4
Q

Why does leukopenia occur?

A

Occurs with overwhelming infections and when immune system is depressed due to disease or certain cancer therapies. (Chemotherapy)

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5
Q

Neutrophils Relative Value?

A

40%-75%

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6
Q

Bands

A

Immature Neutrophils

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7
Q

Segs

A

Mature Neutrophils

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8
Q

Lymphocytes Relative Value

A

20%-45%

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9
Q

Lymphocyte abnormalities?

A

Causes of abnormalities: Increased with viral and other infections; reduced with immunodeficiency problems.

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10
Q

Eosinophils Relative Value

A

0%-6%

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11
Q

Basophils Relative Value

A

0%-1%

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12
Q

Monocytes Relative Value

A

2%-10%

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13
Q

Red blood cell count reference range for MEN

A

Men: 4.4-5.9 x10(6)/mcl

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14
Q

Red blood cell count reference range for WOMEN

A

Women: 3.8-5.2x 10(6)mcl

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15
Q

Reduced RBC is called?

A

Anemia

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16
Q

Polycythemia?

A

Abnormal elevation of RBC count

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17
Q

HEMOGLOBIN RBC Count Reference Range for WOMEN

A

Women: 11.7-15.7 g/dl

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18
Q

HEMOGLOBIN RBC Count Reference Range for MEN

A

Men: 13.3-17.7 g/dl

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19
Q

Hematocrit levels (RBC) Reference Range for Men

A

40%-52%

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20
Q

Hematocrit levels (RBC) Reference Range for WOMEN

A

Women: 35%-47%

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21
Q

Sodium (Na+) Reference Range

A

136-145 mEq/L

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22
Q

Hypermatremia

A

Dehydration from excessive water loss or fluid restriction; excessive administration of saline fluids or diuretics.

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23
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Over-hydration or abnormal secretion of anti diuretic hormone; severe vomiting or diarrhea; congestive heart failure, renal or hepatic failure, Addison disease.

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24
Q

Potassium (K+) reference range

A

3.5-5.0 meq/L

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25
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

Acute or chronic kidney disease, Addison disease, severe alcoholism, rhabdomyolysis; values >6 mmol are life threatening.

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26
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Severe vomiting or diarrhea; chronic renal disease; high dose beta-agonist therapy.

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27
Q

Chloride (CI-) reference range

A

98-106 meq/L

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28
Q

Hyperchloremia

A

Excessive chloride administration (usually saline resuscitation during shock); metabolic acidosis, diabetes insipidus.

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29
Q

Hypochloremia

A

Severe vomiting or diarrhea; metabolic alkalosis , adrenal insufficiency, severe burns, excessive intravenous dextrose administration.

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30
Q

Total carbon dioxide (CO2) reference range

A

22-29 meq/L

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31
Q

Calcium (Ca)

A

Reference range: 4.5-5

32
Q

Glucose Reference Range

A

70-139 mg/dl

33
Q

Creatinine (Cr) Reference Range

A

0.7-1.3 meq/L

34
Q

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Reference Range

A

8-23 mg/dl

35
Q

What are the two tests used to evaluate renal function?

A

Creatinine and Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

36
Q

Normal level for Anion Gap?

A

8-14 mmol/L
True normal: 11 mmol/L

37
Q

Lactate reference range

A

0.7-2.1 meq/L

38
Q

International Standardized Ratio (INR) reference range

A

0.9 to 1.3

39
Q

5.0 indicate?

A

A high likelihood for bleeding.

40
Q

0.5 tends toward to?

A

Increased clotting.

41
Q

Sputum Gram Stain

A

Legitimate sputum sample will have numerous pus cells and few epithelial cells.
If too many epithelial cells are present obtain a new sputum sample.

42
Q

Sweat chloride

A

Cystic Fibrosis

43
Q

Invasive procedure requires?

A

Insertion of sensor or collection device into body.

44
Q

Noninvasive monitoring is?

A

Means of gathering data externally.

45
Q

Physiologic monitoring can be either?

A

Invasive or noninvasive.

46
Q

What are the three common causes of malfunction for O2 analyzers?

A

Low batteries (MOST COMMON)
Sensor depletion
Electronic failure

47
Q

Why is the radial artery mostly used?

A

Near surface and easy to stabilize
Collateral circulation usually exists (confirmed with the allen test)
No large veins are near

48
Q

Indications for analyzing blood gases.

A

Sudden , unexplained dyspnea
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Changes in mechanical ventilation settings

49
Q

Analyzing blood gases contraindications.

A

Abnormal results of a modified Allen test
Lesion
Surgical shunt
History of peripheral vascular disease

50
Q

Possible complications for sampling and analyzing blood gases.

A

Ateriospasm
Hemorrhage
Air or clotted emboli
Patient or sampler contamination
Infection

51
Q

Modified Allen’s Test

A

Normal test indicating collateral circulation- hand flush pink within 5-10 seconds, if color is not returned, perform an Allen’s test on the other hand.
Cannot be performed on critically ill patient who are uncooperative or unconscious.

52
Q

Clinicians can avoid most preanalyctical errors by ensuring that sample is?

A

Analyzed within 15 to 30 minutes.

53
Q

What happens to your blood gas sample if you wait up to 30 minutes to analyze?

A

Waiting up to 30 minutes after any major change in ventilatory support may be necessary before sampling and analyzing the blood ashes of a critically ill patient.

54
Q

Good capillary sample can accurately reflect and provide?

A

Clinically useful estimates of arterial pH and PCO2 levels.

55
Q

CapillaryPO2 is of no value in estimating?

A

Arterial oxygenation.

56
Q

Capillary blood gas indications.

A

ABG analysis is indicated, but arterial access is unavailable.
Noninvasive monitor readings are abnormal.
Change in therapy.
A change in patient status
Monitoring the severity and progression of a documented disease process is desirable.

57
Q

Capillary blood gases precautions and possible complications.

A

Contamination and infection of the patient
Inappropriate patient management may result from reliance on capillary PO2 value
Burns
Hematoma
Scarring
Bleeding
Hemorrhage

58
Q

Capillary blood gases analyze

A

PH, PCO2, & PO2 levels in blood samples.

59
Q

Electrodes: PaO2

A

Clark polarographic electrode

60
Q

Electrodes: PaCO2

A

Severinghaus electrode

61
Q

Electrodes: pH

A

Ph electrode actually consists of two electrodes or half cells:
Measuring electrode
Reference electrode

62
Q

What is transcutaneous monitoring?

A

Provides continuous, noninvasive estimates of PO2 and PCO2 using skin sensor.
Agreement between PtcCO2 and PaCO2 is better because CO2 is more diffusible through skin.

63
Q

What are the most common sites for transcutaneous monitoring on infants and children?

A

Abdomen
Chest
Lower back

64
Q

Indications for transcutaneous monitoring.

A

The need to monitor continuously the adequacy of arterial oxygenation or ventilation in infants and children.

65
Q

Hazards and possible complications of transcutaneous monitoring?

A

Tissue injury (eg. Erythema, burns, skin tears) may occur at the measuring site.

66
Q

Clinical indications for tissue oxygen (PtO2)

A

Monitor brain tissue oxygen as an early sign of ischemia.

67
Q

What does oximetry measure?

A

Hemoglobin saturation using spectrophotometry.

68
Q

Hemoximetry

A

(Cooximetry) laboratory analytical procedure requiring invasive sampling or arterial blood.

69
Q

Pulse oximetry

A

Noninvasive monitoring technique performed at bedside.

70
Q

Indications for pulse oximetry?

A

To monitor the adequacy of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation.
To quantify the response of arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation to therapeutic intervention or to diagnostic procedures, such as bronchoscopy.

71
Q

Pulse oximetry precautions?

A

Factors affecting SpO2 accuracy include motion artifact, abnormal hemoglobins, intravascular dyes, low perfusion states, skin pigmentation, and nail polish.

72
Q

What is the greatest hazard of pulse oximetry?

A

Is a false result that leads to incorrect decision making.

73
Q

Pulse oximetry cannot distinguish HbCO from HbO2 because?

A

Due to reading falsely in high CO poisoning.

74
Q

Phase 1 capnogram?

A

Normal capnogram shows PCO2 of zero at start of expiratory breath.

75
Q

End tidal PCO2 (PETCO2) is used to estimate?

A

Dead space ventilation and normally averages 3-5 mmHg less than PaCO2.

Fundamentals Of Respiratory Care (8 decks)

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