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Fundamentals Of Respiratory Care > Module 4: Physical Principles Of Respiratory Care And Storage And Delivery Of Medical Gases > Flashcards

Module 4: Physical Principles Of Respiratory Care And Storage And Delivery Of Medical Gases Flashcards

1
Q

What a re the three primary states of matter?

A

Solids, liquids, and gases.

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2
Q

What are the components that make up ”solids?”

A

Solids:
-Have high degree of internal order
-Fixed volume and shape
-Strong mutual attractive force between atoms
-Molecules have the shortest distance to travel before collision
-This collision is referred to as the “jiggle”

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3
Q

What are the components that make up “liquids?”

A

Liquids:
-Have fixed volume, but adapt to shape of their container
-Atoms exhibit less degree of mutual attraction compared with solids
-Shape is determined by numerous internal and external forces

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4
Q

What components make up “gases?”

A

Gases:
-Gas molecules in constant motion exhibit rapid, random motion with frequent collisions
-Exhibit the phenomenon of flow, expand to fill their containers, and have minimal forces of attraction

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5
Q

What is heat transfer?

A

First law of thermodynamics.
When two objects of different temperature coexist, heat will move from hotter to cooler object until both are equal.

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6
Q

How can heat transfer occur?

A

Conduction: is the transfer of heat by the direct interactions of atoms or molecules in a hot area with atoms or molecules in a cooler area, requires direct contact between two substances.

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7
Q

How can heat transfer occur?

A

Convection: involves the mixing of either liquid or gas molecules (fluids) at different temperatures, requires direct contact between two substances.

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8
Q

How can heat transfer occur?

A

Radiation: Requires no direct contact between the warmer and cooler substances.

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9
Q

How can heat transfer occur?

A

Evaporation: is a change of state from liquid to gas; heat is taken from the air surrounding the liquid, cooling the air.

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10
Q

273 Celsius =

A

Kinetic molecular activity stops= 0 (K)elvin

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11
Q

C=

A

(F - 32) divided by 1.8

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12
Q

F=

A

(1.8x C) + 32

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13
Q

Cohesion

A

Attractive force between like molecules= cohesion

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14
Q

Adhesion

A

Attractive force between unlike molecules= adhesion

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15
Q

Surface tension

A

Force exerted by like molecules at liquids surface.

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16
Q

What is surface tension responsible for?

A

This force is responsible for the spherical shape of liquid droplets and their ability to keep this shape when placed into an aerosol suspension.

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17
Q

What is capillary action?

A

Liquid in a small tube that moves upwards against the force of gravity

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18
Q

What forces are involved with capillary action?

A

Adhesive and surface tension forces.

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19
Q

What are some examples of capillary action?

A

Capillary stick blood samples, absorbent humidifier wicks, and certain surgical dressings.

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20
Q

What is vaporization?

A

Liquid-to-vapor phase changes

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21
Q

What are the two types of vaporization?

A

Boiling and Evaporation

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22
Q

What is boiling point?

A

Boiling point- heating liquid to temperature at which its vapor pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure.

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23
Q

What is evaporation?

A

Evaporation: when liquid changes into gas at temperature below its boiling point, the adjacent air is cooled

24
Q

What is absolute humidity?

A

A.K.A water vapor content
Actual amount (or weight) of water vapor in gas
Air (gas) that is fully saturated with water vapor has absolute humidity of 43.8 mg/L at 37• C, 760 mmHg, and water vapor pressure of 47 mmHg

25
Q

What is relative humidity?

A

RH: 100% when the ga is fully saturated, this occurs when the water vapor content of a volume of gas equals its capacity

26
Q

What is molar volume?

A

A quantity of matter that contains 6.02 x 10(23) molecules, atoms or ions at STPD is known as a mole.

27
Q

What does 1 mole of gas equal to?

A

1 mole (Mol) of a gas at STPD= 22.4 L

28
Q

How much of space does 1 mole of gas occupy?

A

1 mole of any gas occupies 22.40 liters of space

29
Q

What results in entraining the greatest amount of air in an air injector?

A

A small offrice jet (from an oxygen gas source) and a large entrainment port (from atmospheric or room air) would result in entraining the greatest amount of air in an air injector.

30
Q

What are the characteristics of medical gases: Oxygen (O2)

A

Colorless, odorless, transparent, and tasteless

31
Q

What are the characteristics of (O2) at standard temperature, pressure and dry (STPD)?

A

Oxygen has a density of of 1.429 g/L
Slightly heavier than air (1.29 g/L)
Not very soluble in water, at room temperature and 1 atm pressure, only 3.3 ml of O2 dissolves in 100 mL of water.

32
Q

What percentage (of purity) does medical oxygen need to be at according to the FDA?

A

99%

33
Q

How can oxygen accelerate combustion?

A

Burning speed increases with either an increase in O2 percentage at a fixed total pressure or an increase in total pressure O2 at a constant gas concentration.

34
Q

How are most LARGE quantities of medical O2 produced?

A

Produced by fractional distillation of atmospheric air

35
Q

How are small quantities of concentrated O2 produced?

A

By physical separation of O2 from air, which is the method of O2 production commonly used in the home care setting

36
Q

What is hydrostatic testing and what is it used for?

A

Hydrostatic testing for leaks and expandability is done every 5-10 years by the Department of Transportation (DOT)

37
Q

How can you identify a gas cylinder?

A

A positive identification of the contents of a medical gas cylinder is made by reading the cylinder label and not only by the color of the tank.

38
Q

How can you distinguish the cylinder sizes and content?

A

The key difference between small compressed gas cylinders (sized AA-E) and their larger counter parts (sizes F to K) is that small gas cylinders use a yoke (non-threaded) connector

39
Q

What does the plus symbol stand for on a gas cylinder?

A

A plus (+) symbol marking on the shoulder of the tank indicates the gas cylinder can be filled to 10% in excess of service pressure (2000 psig + 10% = 2200 psig)

40
Q

Duration of Flow=Content/Flow Equation

A

Duration of Flow= Pressure Tank x Cylinder Factor
———————————————————————
Flow Rate (L/min)

41
Q

Cylinder Factor (E)

A

0.28

42
Q

Cylinder Factor (G)

A

2.41

43
Q

Cylinder Factor (H & K)

A

3.14

44
Q

What are the three systems used to ensure correct gas source?

A

American Standard Safety System (ASSS)
Pin-Index Safety System (PISS)
Diameter- Index Safety System (DISS)

45
Q

American Standard Safety System (ASSS)

A

For large cylinders (sizes F-H/K) and their attachments and prevents accidental misconnections

46
Q

Pin-Index Safety System (PISS)

A

For small cylinders (Sizes AA-E) and their attachments
Cylinders have yoke type connection
Uses a post valve and yoke connection. In order to work, the yoke nipple has to seat in the recessed valve outlet

47
Q

What are the exact positions for pins and pinholes for PISS?

A

2-5 for oxygen
1-5 for air
There are six pin positions an 10 possible pin/hole combinations

48
Q

Diameter Index Safety System (DISS)

A

For low pressure gas connections (<200 psig)
Located at the outlets of pressure reducing valves attachment to cylinders, at the station outlets of central piping systems, and at the inlets of blenders, flow meters, ventilators, and other pneumatic equipment

49
Q

Flowmeter

A

Flowmeter is used to control flow to patient

50
Q

Regulator

A

Regulator is used to control both pressure and flow

51
Q

Thorpe Tube Flowmeter

A

Used to deliver oxygen to a patient directly from a bedside outlet station.
Measures true flow, controls flow by using variable orifice, constant pressure flowmeter device.

52
Q

What does increasing the size of a orifice do to gas flow?

A

Increase gas flow

53
Q

What always attached to a Thorpe Tube Flowmeter?

A

50 psig gas source

54
Q

What is the purpose of the compensated flowmeter? (Thorpe Tube Flowmeter)

A

Is used to accurately measure flow when using a jet nebulizer

55
Q

Thorpe Tube Flowmeters with Heliox
What are the gas densities?

A

Oxygen: 1.429 g/L
Air: 1.293 g/L
80:20 Heliox: 0.429 g/l
70:30 Heliox: 0.554 g/L

56
Q

80:20 Heliox flows?

A

Will be 1.8 times the meter reading.
Helium must always be combined with at least %20 oxygen

57
Q

70:30 helium flows..?

A

Will always be 1.6 times the meter reading

Fundamentals Of Respiratory Care (8 decks)

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