Module 9 Flashcards
1
Q
3 Dimensions to Reproduction
A
- Fertility
~ production of offspring - a man or woman who is fertile has produced offspring
- often addressed as a rate of reproduction or of total number of children produced
- Fecundity
~ the capital to produce offsping - A man or woman who is fecund has the physiological ability ot reproduce, even if they choose not to
- A mesure of reproduction function
- Reproductive Value
~ expected reproduction in the future - Reproduction value peaks at the onset of reproduction, before any fertility
2
Q
Fertility
A
- realized production of offspring
~ Birth rate
~ This will be partly related to fecundity but also to behavioral factors
~ completed fertility is the total number of offspring over the lifespan
3
Q
Fecundity
A
- The capacity to produce offspring
~A man or woman who is fecund has the physiological ability to reproduce, even if they do not
~ Could be related to probability of ovulation or implantation, sperm production/ quality, fetal loss
4
Q
In nutririonally stressed populations, lower probability of conception, but less control of fertility
A
- Birth intervals of ~3-4 years, total fertility of 5-7
5
Q
In industrialized populations, high probability of conception, but significant control of fertility
A
- Birth intervals of one year, total of 2-4
6
Q
Chimpanzees- short-term mating relationships
A
- Male choose for
~ High fecundity (conception likely)
~ High fertility females (experienced mothers)
7
Q
Humans- long-term mating relationships
Male choice
A
- High reproductive value
- Cues of high fecundity
- Females with low fertility (few preexisting children)
8
Q
For women
A
the ability to reproduce- fecundity- is highly sensitive to energy avilability
9
Q
Ovarian functions
A
- Most anaimals are able to conceive very quickly, but may lose many pregnancies or infants in poor conditions
- Humans have a much harder time conceiving but lose fewer infants
- Human infants are extrz expensive- require a cautious strategy to aviod lost time and energy
10
Q
The probability of conception is up and down-regulated in reponse to theri energetic condition
A
- not just on and off, but continual variation
- Adaptive regulation of reproductive timing to proobability of sucess
11
Q
The probability of conception is up and down-regulated in repose to their energetic condition
A
- not just on and off, but continual variation
- Adaptive regulation of reproductive timing to probability of success
12
Q
Energy balance
A
- The difference between calories consumed and calories expended
- Positive energy balancy -= weight gain
- Negative energy balance = weight loss
- High energy balance results in the accumulation of fat, but energy balance is not the same as ‘fatness’
% Body fat or BMI have relatively little effect of fecundity
13
Q
Energy balance
A
- The difference between calories consumed and calories expended
- Positive energy balance -= weight gain
- Negative energy balance = weight loss
- High energy balance results in the accumulation of fat, but energy balance is not the same as ‘fatness’
% Body fat or BMI have relatively little effect of fecundity
14
Q
For men
A
- energy availability is less of a constraint on fecundity because direct reproductive costs are low
- men in poor energy balance still produce viable sperm
15
Q
Population variation in testosterone may be important for other reasons
A
- high testosterrone is costly to the immune system and promotes costly muscle growth during development
16
Q
monogamy
A
one male and one female mate exclusively (short or long-term)
17
Q
Polygyny
A
- One male with two ro more females
- should occur when a female require resources from males and males have great variation in resources holding
- May be favored if females gain higher reproductive success by becoming the second (or third) mate/wife of a wealthier male then by becoming the sole mate/wife of a poor male
18
Q
Polygyny
A
- One male with two ro more females
- should occur when a female require resources from males and males have great variation in resources holding
- May be favored if females gain higher reproductive success by becoming the second (or third) mate/wife of a wealthier male then by becoming the sole mate/wife of a poor male
- is infrequent among hunter-gatherers, due to low variance in male wealth/status and amont of direct labor required to support families
19
Q
Polygynandry (promiscuous)
A
- both males and females have multiple partners
20
Q
Polygynandry (promiscuous)
A
- both males and females have multiple partners
21
Q
Bride wealth
A
men and their families make major gifts to the fmailies of brides, such as livestock, $$
22
Q
Bride service
A
- occurs where resources cannot be accumlated (small-scale societies)
- Men hunt or work for their parents-in-law, sometimes for years
23
Q
Bride service
A
- occurs where resources cannot be accumlated (small-scale societies)
- Men hunt or work for their parents-in-law, sometimes for years
24
Q
Human polyandry
A
- rare
~ Occurs inNepal and Tibetan highland cultures where land in limited - Families pass land on to a single daughter who marries a family of brothers
- Husbands work the land
25
Hunter-gatherer
```
- Substance
~ wild foods
- Role of Women
~ Important
- Social stratification
~low
- Mating
~ Limited polygyny
- Paternal care
~ High
- Total Fertility
~ 5
```
26
Horticulruralists
```
- Substance
~ small famrs and wild foods
- Role of Women
~ Important
- Socail stratification
~ low
- Mating system
~ Limited or general polygyny
- Paternal car
~ Moderate
- Total fertility
~ 6
```
27
Pastoralists
```
- Substance
~ Livestocj
- Role of Women
~ Moderate
- Social stratification
~ Very High
- Mating system
~ Limited ot general polygyny
- Paternal Care
~ Low
- Total fertility
~ 5.5
```
28
Agriculturalists
```
- Substance
~ Intense farming
- Role of woman
~ low
- Socail stratification
~ Very High
- Mating system
~ anything goes
- Paternal care
~ low
- Total fertiltiy
~6.5
```
29
Industrial
```
- Substance
~ Market
- Role of woman
~ Variable
- Social stratification
~ Moderate-high
- Mating system
~ Monogamy
- Paternal care
~ moderate
- Total fertility
~ [2]
```
