Module 7 Flashcards
1
Q
Dispite differences in social organization and mating behaviro, ape life histories are quite similar, especially in comparison with monkeys
A
- Larger body size
- Larger brain size
- Longer lifespan
- Slower reproductive rates
- Later age of first reproduction
- Longer investment in offspring
2
Q
Orangutan (great apes)
A
- Lifespan ~ 50 + years - Age of first reproduction ~ 15 years - Interbirth Interval ~ 7-10 years - Age of weaning ~ 6 years - Infant mortality ~ 15% Body size ~ Males 190lbs ~ Females 85lbs - Brain size ~ 350g
3
Q
Gorilla (great apes)
A
- Lifespan ~ 40+ years - First Reproduction ~ 10 Years - Interbirth Interval ~ 4 years - Age of weaning ~ 3 Years - Infant mortaldity ~ 25% - Body size ~ Males 350 lbs ~ Females 200 lbs - Brain size ~ 400 g
4
Q
Chimpanzee (close to humans)
A
- Lifespan ~ 50+ years - First Reproduction ~ 14 Years - Interbirth Intervals ~ 5-6 years - AGe of weaning ~ 4 years - Infant mortality ~ 25% - body size ~ males 100 lbs ~ females 80 lbs - Brain size ~ 390 lbs
5
Q
Monkey
A
- Lifespan ~ 25 years - First reprodiction ~ 6 yers - Interbirth Intervals ~ 2 years - Age of weaining ~ 1.5 years - Infant mortality ~50% - Body size ~ Mlaes 55 lbs ~ Femlaes 30 lbs - Brain size ~ 140g
6
Q
Lemur
A
- lifespan ~ 18 years - First reproduction ~ 3 years - Interbirth interval ~ 1.2 years - Age of weaning ~ 6 months - Infant mortality ~ 50-70% - Body size ~ 5-8 lbs - Brain size ~ 24 g
7
Q
Humans
A
- lifespan ~ 70-100 years - First reproduction ~ 18+ years - Interbirth Intervals ~ 1-4 years - age of weaning ~ 0-4 years (not independent until teens) - Infant mortality ~ 1-25% - Body size ~ males 95-190 lbs ~ females 90-160 lbs - Brain size ~ 1500 g
8
Q
Much about human life can be explained simply because we are great aps
A
- to understand the reasons for slow life history in humans we need to look much further back in time (25 million years ago) than the emergence of our species (~300,000-800,000 years ago)
9
Q
Characteristics of an extreme “slow” life history pattern
A
- long lifespan
- later age of maturity
- Low infant mortality
10
Q
Many traits are vastly out of porportion with bosy size
A
- humans live linger the expencted for body size
- brain size is much larger then expected for body size
11
Q
Some traits are faster than expected
A
- Higher birth rates compared to apes
12
Q
Other traits are completely novel
A
- human children are not nutritionally independent at weaning
- multiple dependent offspring
- conscious limitation on reproduction
- females live long past last reproduction (menopause)
13
Q
Lifespan
A
- through modern medicine frequently extends life, humans longevity is Not merely a product of modern living
- But it is commonly reported that life expectancy of people in the third world are only 30 or 40 years
- Thie apparent paradox is due to an important difference between life expectancy and lifespan
14
Q
Life expectancy
A
- the average number of years lived by individulas ina population from a particular age forward (usually birth)
15
Q
Lifespan of longevity
A
- Refers to the years lived under ideal conditons
16
Q
What is the difference
A
- life expectancy at birth can be highly skewed when a large number of death occur in infancy
- However, in all humans populations, people who live to adulthood have a higher probability of living to ripe old age
17
Q
Childhood Mortality
A
- Among children in the !Kung ~ 85% due to infectious diseases - Among children in developing countries ~ Acute respiratory infection ~ Diarrhea ~ Measles ~ Malaria ~ Malnutrition - In the US ~
18
Q
Adult 15-59 years mortality
A
- !Kung ~ Infectious diseases 80% ~ Degenerative disease 3% ! Accidents 0% ~ Violence 17% - Ache ~ Infectious diseases 28% ~ Degenerative diseases 3% ~ Accidents 23% ~ Violence 46% - Yanomamo ~ Infectious diseases 74% ~ Degenerative diseases 6% ~ Accidents 7% ~ Violence 13% - US ~ Infectious diseases 3% ~ Degenerative diseases 71% ~ Accidents 5% ~ Violence 2% ~ Unspecified 19%
19
Q
FIrst reproduction
A
- Fecundity +physiological ability to reproduce
~ age of puberty/ menarche
~ Adolescent subfecundity =poor conception success - Sexual behavior, having a partner
- Conscious control
20
Q
Last Reproduction
A
- Menopause occurs cross-culturally (45-50)
- Unlike other life history features, it is unclear if menopause varies systematically across cultures
- Evidence of correlation to BMI (lower BMI = earlier menopause)
- But reproduction often stops before menopause
21
Q
Brain size
A
- human brains grows faster but also longer than in other primates
- This mat in part lead to longer childhood
22
Q
Allocation
A
- Energy for the brain can’t be spent for other things
- brain growth slows body growth
- Brain developmental energy period peaks at age five for males
- Body developmental energy peaks at age 14-15 for males
23
Q
Trade off between 2 expensive systems
A
- Brains
- Guts
24
Q
Human vs. Nonhuman Primate Diets
A
- Humans eat fewer foods that are high in fiber and toxins
- Humans use more tools and tactics for hunting and foraging
- Humans tend to eat calorically dense resources
- Humans process (cook, pound) foods to remove toxins, fiber, and packaging
25
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Cooking food (meat or vegetables)
Catching Fire By Richard Wrangham (How cooking made us human)
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- Makes it possible to consume calories more quickly (less chewing)
- Lowers the cost of digestion
- Increases nutrient availability in food, especially plants
- Makes some foods easier to store
- Kills pathogens
26
Human Birth intervals
- Human infants are very expensive in comparison to primate infants (large bodies + large brains)
- Yet, even in food-limitated conditions, we produce them at fast rated
- This means we often have more than one dependent offspring at a time
27
Human life history of females
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- Typical Hunter Gather
~ Age of Menarche
* 17 years
~ First reproduction
* 20 years
~ Menopause
* 50 years
~ Lifespan
* 80 years
~ Number of offspring produced
* 5-8 years
~ Duration of lactation
* 2-4 years
~ Interbirth interval
* 3-4 Years
- Inductrialized (US)
~ Menarche
* 12 years
~ Friet reproduction
* 25 years
~ Menopause
* 50 Years
~ lifespan
* 90 years
~ Number of offspring produced
* 2
~ Duration of lactation
* 6 months
~ Interbirth interval
* 2 years
```
