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Ob/Gyne 3 > Module 9 : 3D/4D > Flashcards

Module 9 : 3D/4D Flashcards

1
Q

what are the clinical applications of 3D/4D

A
  • fetal portrait
  • nose/lips
  • NTD
  • hands, feet, ankles
  • heart
  • mullein duct anomalies
  • endometrium
  • IUDS
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2
Q

what is method 1 of 3D/4D

A
  • free hand 2D
  • transducer manually moving over the area of interest
  • no measurements, no extra equipment
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3
Q

what si method 2 for 3D/4D

A
  • separate transmitter created an electromagnetic flied

- sensor attached to outside of the 2D transducer

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4
Q

what is method 3 for 3D/4D

A
  • mechanical
  • motor within transducer provides sweep
  • steered electronically without external parts
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5
Q

what is method 4 for 3D/4D

A
  • matrix transducer
  • cardiac applications
  • more crystals
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6
Q

what is ROI

A
  • region of interest
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7
Q

what si MPR

A
  • multiplayer reconstruction
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8
Q

what is pixel

A
  • smallest unit of 2D image
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9
Q

what is a voxel

A
  • smalles unit of 3D volume data set
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10
Q

what do the width height and volume angle correspond to

A
  • x,y,z
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11
Q

what is the volume angle

A
  • information acquired in the z axis

- distance the transducer covers in a sweep

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12
Q

what comes from a slow acquisition speed

A
  • more slices
  • better quality volume
  • higher resolution
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13
Q

what comes from a fat acquisition speed

A
  • active fetus

- eliminates fetal motion

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14
Q

how does the image quality change between 2D to 3D

A
  • SAME

- optimal 2D = optimal 3D

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15
Q

what 3 factors affect image quality

A
  • maternal size
  • decreased amniotic fluid
  • fetal positon
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16
Q

how is multiplayer reconstruction does

A
  • A= X, B=Y, C=Z
  • A and B determines ROI
  • C = size of volume
  • B and C have lower resolution than A
  • C lowest resolution
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17
Q

what is the red dot

A
  • the point where all three dots intersect
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18
Q

what is tomographic ultrasound

A
  • series of tomographic images

- similar to CT or MRI

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19
Q

what are the purpose fo rendering modes

A
  • allows different characteristics to be highlighted

-

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20
Q

what is the surface smooth rendering

A
  • gives face the smooth surfaces of skin which is popular with parents
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21
Q

what si surface texture rendering

A
  • enhances the details of a surface
22
Q

what is gradient light rendering

A
  • illuminating giving a depth of impression

- more life like

23
Q

what is important to think about with threshold

A
  • manually adjusted

- importnat info can be eliminated

24
Q

what is a low threshold

A
  • fetal face
25
Q

what is a high threshold

A
  • eliminates skin look at bony structures
26
Q

what is the electronic scalpel

A
  • removes unwanted structures from an image
  • placenta from face
  • uterine wall
27
Q

what is maximum skeletal or X ray mode

A
  • eliminates weaker signals like soft tissue

- used for some syndromes

28
Q

what is inversion

A
  • hypoechoci structures turned into solid structure
  • digital cast
  • gray scale removed
  • cystic areas echogenci
29
Q

what is the obstetrical application of inversion technique

A
  • fetal ventricles
  • dilated fetal urinary tract
  • heart and vessels
  • feal stomaach
30
Q

what are the gynaecological application of inversion technique

A
  • saline filled uterus
  • PCOS
  • hydrosalpinx
  • follicular monitoring
31
Q

what is glass body or transparent and was is it used with

A
  • makes tissue transparent to visualize vessels better

- used with power doppler

32
Q

what is VOCAL

A
  • virtual organ computer aided analysis

- software program used to measure the volume of an irregular object

33
Q

how does VOCAL allow contour mapping of a structure

A
  • data set rotates 180º around fixed central axis
  • tracing object contour
  • contours outlined
  • system recreates a model of all the contours
34
Q

what is the 3D vs 4D

A
  • static
  • single sweep through an area
  • volume is stored and viewed in many formats
35
Q

what is the difference between 4D vs 3D

A
  • liver or real time

- transducer elements continuously sweeping back and forth

36
Q

what are some of the applications fo 3D/4D in gyne

A
  • congenital uterine anomalies
  • IUD location
  • endo lesions
  • origin of adnexal masses
  • sonohysterography
  • infertility evaluation
37
Q

what will a bicornuate uterus look like on 3D

A
  • two separate uterine cornea on a coronal imaging plane

- external fundal indentation >1cm needed for diagnosis

38
Q

what is the purpose of a sonohysterogram

A
  • volume of uterus obtained

- 3D reconstruction improves visualization of polyps, fibroids, adhesions

39
Q

what is the best view to asses IUD location.

A
  • coronal view in 3D
40
Q

what thickness of endo is hard reconstruct

A
  • <5mm
41
Q

what is the Z technique

A
  • obtain 3d volume of uterus in sag plane
  • in A plane place reference dot in centre of endo
  • using Z ration known to align endo so parallel to horizontal plane
  • in B plane place reference dot in centre of endo
  • using Z rotation known to straighten the trans image so end parallel to horizontal plane
  • C plane should now display a coronal image of endo
  • use z to rotate image so it is in normal plane
42
Q

what can be assessed with 3D/4D in OB

A
  • facial anomalies
  • nasal bone
  • CNS anomalies
  • cranial sutures
  • spine
  • extremities
  • fetal heart
  • chromosomal anormalities
  • fetal movement and behaviour
43
Q

what 5 things can we look for with the fetal face using 3D

A
  • cleft lip
  • cleft palate
  • forehead
  • nasal bone
  • mandible
44
Q

what do we look for with ears with 3D

A
  • morphology
  • location
  • orientation
45
Q

what doe we look for with cranial bones using 3D

A
  • sutures
  • fontanels
  • bones
  • workman bones
  • skeletal dysplasia
46
Q

what can we determine in regards to the spine with 3D

A
  • spina bifida (level of defect)

- hemivertibrae

47
Q

how does 3D help with nuchal translucency scan

A
  • measurement performed in less time
48
Q

what anomalies can we look for with 3D

A
  • club feet
  • hands
  • rocker bottom feet
  • overlapping fingers
  • polydactyly
49
Q

what is spatio-temporal imaging correlation STIC

A
  • motion gated scanning method

- demonstrates functional and anatomical information from one full cardiac cycle

50
Q

what view is needed to perform STIC

A
  • 4 chamber

Ob/Gyne 3 (10 decks)

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