module 9

Question 1

phonology

Answer 1

deals of sounds

Question 2

morphology/ semantics

Answer 2

deals with meaning

Question 3

syntax

Answer 3

grammar

Question 4

pragmatics

Answer 4

how to use language to communicate with one’s culture

Question 5

phonemes

Answer 5

smallest unit of sound

Question 6

morpheme

Answer 6

smallest units of meaning

Question 7

critical period for language

Answer 7

best to experience input before age 5

Question 8

language is lateralized to wthat hemisphere?

Answer 8

left
- even in newborns born deaf
- lateralization mild at first; increases over development

Question 9

broca’s aphasia

Answer 9

difficulty producing words, understands perfectly

Question 10

wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 10

difficulty understanding and producing understandable speech, but speech is produced fine

Question 11

why are kids better at learning languages according to newport?

Answer 11

• Perceptual and memory limitations lead young children to extract smaller bits of language than adults do
• Allows children(not adults) to ignore complexity; extract regularities

Question 12

when does language perception begin?

Answer 12

in the womb

Question 13

infant direct speech (IDS)

Answer 13

• Slower, simpler, louder, higher-pitched, accentuates word boundaries, accentuates noun phrases
  
  • Very grammatical
  • Repetitive
  • Recasts child’s utterances

Question 14

prosody

Answer 14

characteristic rythymn, tempo, cadence, melody, and intonational patterns with which language is spoken

Question 15

speech sounds

Answer 15

phonemic differences hat make up a language- bat v pat v cat, etc

Question 16

Perceptual narrowing

Answer 16

Younger infants seem to have more competence (they discriminate more)
- Recall synaptic pruning; use it or lose it

Question 17

Stages of language production

Answer 17

• Reflexive sounds (crying, grunting)- birth
• Social sounds (cooing, laughter)- 6 wks
• Intentional vocal play (babbling)- 6-10 months
• First words: 10-15 months (Avf 13)
• Vocabulary spurt: 14-25 months
• Simple sentences: 18-32 months

Question 18

Vocab spurt

Answer 18

• Vocab growth slow at first, gets faster and faster
• Btw 12-18 most they quadruple their vocab

Question 19

styles of acquisition

Answer 19

• Referential or analytical style: analyze speech stream into individual phonemic elements and words
  
  • Expressive/hollistic style: pay attention to overall sounds, rhythm, intonation
  • Wait and see style: acquire speech late but immediately produce complex sentences

Question 20

when do babies learn words better?

Answer 20

• In the centre of the visual field
  
  • In same context

Question 21

Perceptual constraints

Answer 21

cognitive bias that young children exhibit when learning new words. It refers to the tendency to categorize objects based on their shape.
For example, if a child learns the word “ball,” they may extend that label to other round objects, such as oranges or balloons

Question 22

Pragmatic constraints

Answer 22

fast mapping, mutual exclusivity, and intentionality and emotional reactions

Question 23

fast mapping

Answer 23

Rapidly learning a new words because you hear it contrasted with one you know
- e.g., Give me the chromium tray, not the red one (By age 2)

Question 24

mutual exclusivity

Answer 24

one object has only one label
- if you hear a new label, must be for a new object (18 most or before)

Question 25

Syntactic constraints: bootstrapping

Answer 25

• Using structure of a sentence to determine words meaning (19mos)

Question 26

Telegraphic speech:

Answer 26

tend to leave out unnecessary little words like conjunctions, prepositions, articles

Question 27

Connectionist/empiricists view on language

Answer 27

babies learn words from little experience, and statistical learning can be applied to lots of stuff

Question 28

interactionists view on language

Answer 28

language is a social skill- children get it by listening to and interacting with people

Question 29

bilingual first language acquisition (BFLA)

Answer 29

learning two languages simultaneously from birth (also called crib bilinguals, or simultaneous bilinguals)

Question 30

monolingual vs. bilingual babies on discriminating sounds

Answer 30

• monolingual babies: discriminate sounds from the world’s languages at 4-6 months
• bilingual babies: discriminate sounds from world’s languages at 4-6 months
• by 10-12 months, discriminate sounds from BOTH their native languages

Question 31

constraints/ biases on understanding words

Answer 31

• whole object assumption: expectation that the word will refer to the whole object
• categorical scope: expectation that the word will refer to the entire category of objects
• fast mapping: rapidly learning new word simply from contrastive use of a familiar or unfamiliar words
• mutual exclusivity assumption: novel name- nameless category principle: leads children to expect that a given entity will have only one name

Question 32

assumptions and expectations of bilinguals vs. monolinguals

Answer 32

• monolingual toddlers assume each object has only one basic category label
• bilinguals rely less on this assumption
  
  • frequently encounter multiple labels for a single object- one label in each of their languages