Module 9 Flashcards
What is Disease?
- Disease is an interruption, cessation, or disorder of body functions, systems, or organs
- Diseases arise from infectious agents, inherent weaknesses, lifestyle, aging, or environmental stresses
Causes of Disease
- Identifying the causes of disease and the mechanisms by which they spread remains a primary focus in
epidemiology - The science and study of the causes of disease and their mode of operation is referred to as etiology
**epidemiology focuses on course of disease and how it spreads
what are risk factors?
- factors or events associated with the disease of interest
- risk factors are not necessarily direct causes of disease or injury but are associated with the development of the disease or injury
what are examples of risk factors (4)
- Poverty (persons living at 100% FPL)
- Neighborhood
- Race (self reported, race for addressing disparities related
to various health risk factors) - Education
General Classifications of Disease: Acute Disease
Disorder with sudden onset, relatively severe, and short duration of symptoms
General Classifications of Disease: Chronic Disease
Less severe but of long and continuous duration, lasting over long time periods, if not a lifetime
what is communicablity?
The ability of a disease to be transmitted from one person to another or to spread through the population
what is communicable disease?
When a disease is contagious, or capable of being communicated or transmitted
what makes cancer infectious d/t?
genetic link and HPV factor
what is the chain of infection
- Reservoir
- Portal of exit
- Transmission
- Direct
- Indirect
- Airborne
- Portal of entry
- Susceptible host
what is reservoir?
Habitat in which the agent grows and lives
what can reservoirs be? (4)
- Human
- Animal
- Insects
- Environment (plants, soil, water)
what are examples of portal of exit? (6)
- Respiratory tract
- Blood
- Semen
- Other body fluids
- Crossing the placenta (mother-to-fetus)
- Blood sucking mosquitos
mode of transmission: direct
Direct contact (kissing, sexual intercourse, soil contact)
mode of transmission: indirect
- Vehicleborne (food, water, bedding, instruments)
- Vectorborne (mosquitos, fleas, ticks)
mode of transmission: airborne
- Droplet spread (direct transmission)
- Airborne (dust, droplet nuclei) (indirect transmission)
what makes a susceptible host
- Immune status
- Overall health
- Hygiene
examples of portal of entry (9)
- Respiratory tract
- Mouth
- Reproductive tract
- Venous or arterial access
- Urinary
- Skin
- Gastrointestinal
- Conjunctival
- Transplacental
what are active immunity?
Body produces its own antibodies in response to having been vaccinated or having a specific disease pathogen invade the body
what are passive immunity?
- Administration of immune globulin
- Transplacental transfer of immune globulins to the fetus
- Transfer of antibodies and other immunoprotectant in
human milk
what percent of the population need to be immunized for herd immunity to be effective?
85% or more
what is cocooning?
- Used to protect infants from communicable diseases
- Only family and friends who are fully immunized are allowed to be around the infant
what vaccines given during pregnancy are effective in protecting newborns?
- influenza ( protects the baby several months after they’re born and can be given to mother at any time)
- pertussis (Tdap) recommended during the 3rd trimester
what are the determinants of health? (4)
- Biological
- Environmental
- Social
- Health behaviors
Biological Sources of Disease (8)
- Congenital
- Hereditary
- Infectious
- Inflammatory
- Metabolic
- Nutritional
- Tumors
- Vascular
environmental sources of disease
- Allergens
- Chemical exposures
- Infectious organisms
- Nutrition
- Physical agents
- Trauma
social determinants of health
- economic stability
- neighborhood and built environment
- health and health care
- social and community context
- education
what are the models of disease causation (3)
- Multicausality
- Causal Pie Model
- Web of causation
what is included in the epidemiological triad?
- agent
- host
- environment
what are the agents?
- Microorganisms
- Infectivity: Ability to infect
- Pathogenicity: Proportion of infected people who develop clinical disease
- Virulence: Proportion of cases that are severe or fatal
- Amount of exposure
- Duration of exposure
- Chemical agents
- Toxicity
- Dose
- Exposure period
- Physical agents or forces
- Type
- Magnitude
- Duration
**needs to be present for disease to occur
what is the BEINGS model of disease causation?
B – Biological, Behavioral
E – Environmental
I – Immunological
N – Nutritional
G – Genetic
S – Services, Social, Spiritual
stage of susceptibility
person is healthy but is susceptible to disease
stage of subclinical disease
- Pathological changes occur and some can be detected by screening
- No apparent symptoms. Person is asymptomatic
- Incubation period for infectious diseases
- Latency for chronic disease
stage of clinical disease
- Onset of symptoms
- Diagnosis usually occurs during this stage
what are the stages of disease? (4)
- Susceptibility
- Preclinical (subclinical, presymptomatic, latent)
- Clinical
- Recovery, disability (limited functional ability for activities of daily living due to a medical condition such as cerebrovascular accident) or death
primary prevention
- Used during the stage of susceptibility, before any
disease process has started - Protects against the disease
- Place the host in good health
- Protect against disease (e.g., immunization)
- Public health measures
secondary prevention
- Used during the preclinical (latent) and early clinical stages of disease
- Early detection and prompt intervention to control the disease and minimize or eliminate complications
tertiary prevention
- Used during the advanced stage of disease or when disability (limited functional ability for activities of daily
living due to a medical condition such as cerebrovascular accident) has occurred - Measures aimed at reducing the long term impact of disease and disability
