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NSG 522 Biostat Final > Module 9 > Flashcards

Module 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Disease?

A
  • Disease is an interruption, cessation, or disorder of body functions, systems, or organs
  • Diseases arise from infectious agents, inherent weaknesses, lifestyle, aging, or environmental stresses
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2
Q

Causes of Disease

A
  • Identifying the causes of disease and the mechanisms by which they spread remains a primary focus in
    epidemiology
  • The science and study of the causes of disease and their mode of operation is referred to as etiology

**epidemiology focuses on course of disease and how it spreads

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3
Q

what are risk factors?

A
  • factors or events associated with the disease of interest
  • risk factors are not necessarily direct causes of disease or injury but are associated with the development of the disease or injury
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4
Q

what are examples of risk factors (4)

A
  • Poverty (persons living at 100% FPL)
  • Neighborhood
  • Race (self reported, race for addressing disparities related
    to various health risk factors)
  • Education
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5
Q

General Classifications of Disease: Acute Disease

A

Disorder with sudden onset, relatively severe, and short duration of symptoms

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6
Q

General Classifications of Disease: Chronic Disease

A

Less severe but of long and continuous duration, lasting over long time periods, if not a lifetime

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7
Q

what is communicablity?

A

The ability of a disease to be transmitted from one person to another or to spread through the population

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8
Q

what is communicable disease?

A

When a disease is contagious, or capable of being communicated or transmitted

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9
Q

what makes cancer infectious d/t?

A

genetic link and HPV factor

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10
Q

what is the chain of infection

A
  • Reservoir
  • Portal of exit
  • Transmission
  • Direct
  • Indirect
  • Airborne
  • Portal of entry
  • Susceptible host
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11
Q

what is reservoir?

A

Habitat in which the agent grows and lives

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12
Q

what can reservoirs be? (4)

A
  • Human
  • Animal
  • Insects
  • Environment (plants, soil, water)
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13
Q

what are examples of portal of exit? (6)

A
  • Respiratory tract
  • Blood
  • Semen
  • Other body fluids
  • Crossing the placenta (mother-to-fetus)
  • Blood sucking mosquitos
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14
Q

mode of transmission: direct

A

Direct contact (kissing, sexual intercourse, soil contact)

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15
Q

mode of transmission: indirect

A
  • Vehicleborne (food, water, bedding, instruments)
  • Vectorborne (mosquitos, fleas, ticks)
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16
Q

mode of transmission: airborne

A
  • Droplet spread (direct transmission)
  • Airborne (dust, droplet nuclei) (indirect transmission)
17
Q

what makes a susceptible host

A
  • Immune status
  • Overall health
  • Hygiene
17
Q

examples of portal of entry (9)

A
  • Respiratory tract
  • Mouth
  • Reproductive tract
  • Venous or arterial access
  • Urinary
  • Skin
  • Gastrointestinal
  • Conjunctival
  • Transplacental
18
Q

what are active immunity?

A

Body produces its own antibodies in response to having been vaccinated or having a specific disease pathogen invade the body

19
Q

what are passive immunity?

A
  • Administration of immune globulin
  • Transplacental transfer of immune globulins to the fetus
  • Transfer of antibodies and other immunoprotectant in
    human milk
20
Q

what percent of the population need to be immunized for herd immunity to be effective?

A

85% or more

21
Q

what is cocooning?

A
  • Used to protect infants from communicable diseases
  • Only family and friends who are fully immunized are allowed to be around the infant
22
Q

what vaccines given during pregnancy are effective in protecting newborns?

A
  • influenza ( protects the baby several months after they’re born and can be given to mother at any time)
  • pertussis (Tdap) recommended during the 3rd trimester
23
Q

what are the determinants of health? (4)

A
  • Biological
  • Environmental
  • Social
  • Health behaviors
24
Q

Biological Sources of Disease (8)

A
  • Congenital
  • Hereditary
  • Infectious
  • Inflammatory
  • Metabolic
  • Nutritional
  • Tumors
  • Vascular
25
Q

environmental sources of disease

A
  • Allergens
  • Chemical exposures
  • Infectious organisms
  • Nutrition
  • Physical agents
  • Trauma
26
Q

social determinants of health

A
  • economic stability
  • neighborhood and built environment
  • health and health care
  • social and community context
  • education
27
Q

what are the models of disease causation (3)

A
  • Multicausality
  • Causal Pie Model
  • Web of causation
28
Q

what is included in the epidemiological triad?

A
  • agent
  • host
  • environment
29
Q

what are the agents?

A
  • Microorganisms
  • Infectivity: Ability to infect
  • Pathogenicity: Proportion of infected people who develop clinical disease
  • Virulence: Proportion of cases that are severe or fatal
  • Amount of exposure
  • Duration of exposure
  • Chemical agents
  • Toxicity
  • Dose
  • Exposure period
  • Physical agents or forces
  • Type
  • Magnitude
  • Duration

**needs to be present for disease to occur

30
Q

what is the BEINGS model of disease causation?

A

B – Biological, Behavioral
E – Environmental
I – Immunological
N – Nutritional
G – Genetic
S – Services, Social, Spiritual

31
Q

stage of susceptibility

A

person is healthy but is susceptible to disease

32
Q

stage of subclinical disease

A
  • Pathological changes occur and some can be detected by screening
  • No apparent symptoms. Person is asymptomatic
  • Incubation period for infectious diseases
  • Latency for chronic disease
33
Q

stage of clinical disease

A
  • Onset of symptoms
  • Diagnosis usually occurs during this stage
34
Q

what are the stages of disease? (4)

A
  • Susceptibility
  • Preclinical (subclinical, presymptomatic, latent)
  • Clinical
  • Recovery, disability (limited functional ability for activities of daily living due to a medical condition such as cerebrovascular accident) or death
35
Q

primary prevention

A
  • Used during the stage of susceptibility, before any
    disease process has started
  • Protects against the disease
  • Place the host in good health
  • Protect against disease (e.g., immunization)
  • Public health measures
36
Q

secondary prevention

A
  • Used during the preclinical (latent) and early clinical stages of disease
  • Early detection and prompt intervention to control the disease and minimize or eliminate complications
37
Q

tertiary prevention

A
  • Used during the advanced stage of disease or when disability (limited functional ability for activities of daily
    living due to a medical condition such as cerebrovascular accident) has occurred
  • Measures aimed at reducing the long term impact of disease and disability

NSG 522 Biostat Final (6 decks)

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