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NSG 522 Biostat Final > Module 11 > Flashcards

Module 11 Flashcards

1
Q

what are types of health indicators?

A
  • Physical disease
  • Mental illness (limited functional ability for activities of daily living due to a medical condition such as severe Alzheimer’s disease)
  • Impairment or disability (limited functional ability for activities of daily living due to a medical condition such as cerebrovascular accident)
  • Social well-being
  • Service availability and provision
  • Resource availability
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2
Q

types of statistics used in descriptive epidemiology

A
  • Counts
  • Ratios
  • Proportions
  • Percentages
  • Rates
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3
Q

descriptive epidemiology: counts

A
  • Number of cases
  • Count
  • Frequency
  • No denominator

**when health indicators are reported as counts, it is important to know the number of cases and number of frequencies

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4
Q

descriptive epidemiology: ratios

A
  • Ratios compare two things
  • Divide the numerator by the denominator
  • Expressed as X/Y or X:Y
  • Numerator may or may not be part of the denominator
  • The numerator and denominator may or may not be related

**key feature: ratio has a numerator and denominator

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5
Q

what are rates

A
  • Frequency of an event in a population during a specified period of time
  • Numerator is the number of people who experience an event
  • Denominator is the number of people in the population
  • Population is always specified
  • Time period is always specified
  • In a true rate, person-time is the unit (person-years)

**rates are important when you’re comparing the disease cases, occurrences, outbreaks in two different populations, groups at two different points in time at two different geographical areas

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6
Q

vitals sign

A

essential measures of health for individual patients

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7
Q

vital statistics

A

essential measures of health for a population

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8
Q

what are the three major categories of vital statistics

A
  • Mortality
  • Morbidity
  • Natality
  • The indices used are typically related to births and deaths because these data are more readily available than morbidity data
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9
Q

what is mortality rate?

A

a measure of the frequency of occurrence of death in a defined population during a specified interval

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10
Q

what is the crude mortality rate

A

the mortality rate from all causes of death for a population

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11
Q

what is infant mortality rate?

A
  • Deaths of infants < 1 year of age
  • Denominator is number of live births in the given time period
  • Per 1,000 live births
  • Single most widely used health indicator to compare nations
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12
Q

what is neonatal mortality rate?

A
  • Deaths of infants < 28 days of age
  • Denominator is number of live births in the given time period
  • Live birth has a specific definition
  • Per 1,000 live births
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13
Q

what is maternal mortality rate?

A

Deaths of cis-gender females due to pregnancy related causes anytime during pregnancy or during the first 42 days after pregnancy termination (regardless of the
duration of the pregnancy)
* Denominator is number of live births in the given time
period
* Per 100,000 live births

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14
Q

what is pregnancy related mortality?

A
  • Death of a cis-gender female while pregnant or within 1 year of the end of a pregnancy (regardless of the duration) from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management, but not from accidental or incidental causes.
  • Denominator is number of live births in the given time period
  • Per 100,000 live births
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15
Q

what is morbidity?

A

a measure of the frequency of
occurrence of disease or injury in a defined population during a specified interval.

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16
Q

what are rates adjusted to control?

A

to control confounding factors/variables

17
Q

what are the two major measures of disease frequency?

A

incidence and prevalence

18
Q

what is prevalence

A

Prevalence refers to the status of disease, not the onset
Prevalence measures all cases (old and new) at a specified period of time

19
Q

what is point prevalence?

A

assessed at one specific point in time
- Single point in time
- Number of existing cases (old and new cases) on a certain date (e.g., January 1, 2015)

20
Q

what is period prevalence

A

assessed during a certain period
- Period of time – days, weeks, months, years
- Start and finish times are specified (e.g., January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2015)

21
Q

what are prevalence statistics often use for?

A
  • policy and administrative decisions
  • informs policy makers and the public about the burden of disease
  • used in planning health services, both direct care and preventative services
  • Prevalence statistics can provide some insight about possible factors associated with disease
  • But, the causal relationship cannot be verified by prevalence data
  • Useful for generating hypotheses
22
Q

what is incidence?

A
  • Incidence measures the rate at which people without a disease develop the disease during a specified period
  • Incidence is a measure of the onset of disease
  • Incidence measures the appearance of disease
  • Incidence means new
  • Note: The word “disease” can be substituted with injury or disability* Incidence describes only the number of new cases that occur during that time period of interest
  • Measures the number of new cases of the health-related state (disease, injury) that occur during the specified time
  • Does not include the pre-existing cases
23
Q

what is the incidence proportion?

A

number of new cases of a disease in a specified time period/population at risk of the disease at the start of that time period

also called:
- risk
- attack rate
- probability of developing a disease

24
Q

what is the incidence rate?

A

number of new cases of a disease in a specified time period/ time that each person was observed, totaled for all persons
* Also known as “Person-Time Rate”
* More difficult to calculate
* More accurate estimate of risk
* Accounts for incomplete data

25
Q

Incidence Proportion vs Incidence Rate: incidence proportion

A
  • Difference between the 2 measures is a matter of precision
  • The difference is in the denominator
  • The incidence proportion measures the number of new cases that occur in a population over a specified time period of time
  • The denominator is the number of people in the population at the start of the study period
26
Q

Incidence Proportion vs Incidence Rate: incidence rate

A
  • The incidence rate measures the number of new cases that occur in a population over a specified time period
  • The numerator is the number of new cases during the specified time period
  • The denominator is the number of people and the exact amount of time each person in the population was studied. This is what makes it a more precise measure. In any population people will move away, die from other causes, or even get the disease of interest. So, the rate is calculated exactly for the number of
    people and the length of time each contributed.
27
Q

what is crude birth rate

A

Number of births during a specified time interval/
Total population at the middle of the time interval

28
Q

what is crude fertility rate?

A

Number of births during a specified time interval/
Number of cis-gender females aged 15-44
at the middle of the time interval

NSG 522 Biostat Final (6 decks)

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