module 9 Flashcards
what are chimps the link between?
man & nature
how were early scientific accounts of apes conducted? what did they find?
- compared strip of DNA to find differences
- found that chimps & humans are 2 diff creatures & have the LEAST # of differences
what does genetic similarity mean?
share many of the same PROTEIN ORDER in DNA
what does genetic difference mean?
difference in DNA/protein
what is the problem with mapping genetic difference to behavioral difference?
- there is no necessary relationship
- different behavior doesn’t mean different genetics
what is the relationship between accuracy & authority in science?
- sciences AIMS for ACCURACY (building models & mechanisms)
- science HAS AUTHORITY (privileged position; special claims to validity)
what is scientism?
- uncritical acceptance of science
- there is a BIG problem: they CLAIM but aren’t always ACCURATE/correct
What is the effect of sociocultural embeddedness of science?
- problem for behavior genetics as it NATURALIZES the SOCIAL WORLD
what 4 questions do we need to ask ourselves in terms of the responsibilities of science? (Stinky dogs stinky rats)
- what do scientific ideas DO?
- are scientific ideas SUPPORTED?
- are we engaging in SCIENTISM?
- need to research subjects
Where do problems of race originate from?
we are all a subset of africa
problems of race are SOCIAL not biological
- how useful is race?
what is elitism
one group is better at something than others
what is eugenics?
breeding programs for people to increase “good” traits & remove “bad” traits
How is “African” a paraphyletic category?
- ancestral, diverse group
- Asians & Europeans come from Africans
in what 4 areas do we see the scientism of eugenics?
- public policy
- forced sterilization
- genocide
- U.S. immigration policy
what is the Human Genome Diversity Project?
- effort to establish genetic research museum of human species
- use CELL LINES derived from VARIOUS GROUPS of people around the world
- genetic diversity is a CONTINUUM with NO CLEAR BREAKS delineating racial groups
What does science say about other epistemologies?
there is no God bc science has established that there is no God (no evidence/test) - but there is also no way to disprove this
what is a paleospecies vs biological species
- paleospecies: anatomically similar (cannot look at reproductive similarity in fossils)
- biological species: can breed effectively
what are lumpers vs splitters
- lumpers: taxonomists who assigned BROAD differences
- splitters: taxonomists who make PRECISE definitions & create NEW categories
how do we infer phylogenetic relationships?
through use of similarities in molecular structure of proteins or DNA
what is nucleotide sequencing
comparing the same strip of DNA in 2 diff creatures
what is topology
tree diagram showing evolutionary relationships
how do we infer phylogenetic relationships in traditional taxonomies
through anatomical similarity (comparative anatomy, fossil record, & shared-derived traits)
what is the molecular clock?
estimated time of branching events in our topologies
when did humans & chimpanzees split?
7-10 million years ago
what are fossils
- preserved remnants of once living things, often buried underground
- natural record of an ancient life form
- RARE
what is fossilization
- remains get covered
- inorganic material replaces organic
- 1/1000 species fossilize
what is taphonomy
study of what happens to plants/animals after death, fossilization
what is an example of a relative dating method
- stratigraphy: layers or stratum of earth (order of rock layers) that shows sequence of events
- relative bc it doesnt tell exactly when
what is an absolute (chronometric) dating method
how much time has passed since an event
what is isotopic dating? what typeof dating method is it?
- using rates of decay to estimate time; half-lives
- absolute dating method
what is potassium-argon dating?
name:
- isotopes
- material for analysis
- half-life
- temporal range (amt of time species existed)
- isotopes: 40K (solid) –> 40Ar (gas)
- Material for Analysis: volcanic activity is required as it was previously molten rock
- half-life: 1.3 billion years ago
- temporal range: origins of earth to 100,000 years ago
what is carbon-14 dating?
name:
- isotopes
- material for analysis
- half-life
- temporal range (amt of time species existed)
- isotopes: 14C –> 14N
- MFA: organic
- half-life: 5730 years
- TR: 70,000 to 400 years ago
