Module 8 - Vascular Tissues Flashcards
T/F: Xylem and Phloem fibers have lignified secondary walls.
T
ODD man out based on vascular tissues.
phloem parenchyma
vessel
xylem fibers
periderm
sieve tube member
tracheid
Periderm, not involved in the vascular system
T/F Albuminous cell is a component of phloem complex tissues.
True
Vascular tissues often found in the outer region of the vascular bundle or near the periphery of stem or root.
Phloem
2 Ground tissues comprising the stem.
Pith and Cortex
2°ry phloem and xylem : vascular cambium :: 1°ry phloem and xylem : _____
Procambium
Annual rings and fibers are abundant in: primary or secondary xylem?
Secondary
T/F Both the metaxylem and the protoxylem possess tracheids , vessels and parenchyma.
True
when an air bubble forms within the xylem vessel or tracheids due to a pressure increase that causes the gas in the water to expand.
Cavitation or Embolism
T/F Embolised cells can be seen in both tracheids and vessels.
True
T/F Only the Angiosperms possess vessel members.
True
T/F All tracheary elements have pits.
True
T/F Among the tracheary elements, only the vessel elements are connected end to end due to their perforated plates.
True
Tracheids are present in the following plant/s:
Christella
Rhynia
Cocos
Pinus
Equisetum
Lycopodium
Only in Pinus, Cocos, and Christella
(Hala coco, magcrave nga ng milktea)
Torus and libriform fibers are present in:
Pyrus
Name at least 2 substances found in phloem and xylem parenchyma
Crystals, starch, tannins, or pectin
T/F: Endarch, Exarch, and Mesarch are typical secondary xylem development
False.
If Protoxylem is closer to the edges, is it endarch or exarch
Exarch
If Protoxylem is closer to the center, is it endarch or exarch
Endarch
If Metaxylem is closer to the edges, is it endarch or exarch
Endarch
If Metaxylem is closer to the center, is it endarch or exarch
Exarch
Which is bigger, meta or proto xylem
Meta
Companion cell: Sieve tube :: Albuminous cell : ____
sieve cell
Gymnosperms - sieve cell and albuminous cell ; Angiosperms.- _________ and _______
sieve tube and companion cell
What is the carbohydrate chemical composition of callose? Be very specific.
B-1, 3-glucan
Why do p-proteins disperse during selective autophagy?
To fill in for need for repair in the plant at specific sites.
conducting tissue
complex tissue (composed of more than one cell type)
found in vascular plants
primary components are xylem & phloem
Vascular Tissues
Unidirectional movement transports only minerals and water from the root to the shoot is characteristic of?
Xylem
Often found near the center of the organ / inner region of vascular bundle is characteristic of?
Xylem
Composed of lignin and cellulose providing support to plant body
Xylem
______ and _____ mainly consists of dead and alive cells respectively
Xylem and phloem
Bidirectional movement: transports food from sources (green parts of the plants) to sinks (other parts of the plant) is characteristic of?
Phloem
Often found near the periphery of organ / outer region of vascular bundle is characteristic of?
Phloem
The principal water-conducting tissue:
Transports water and minerals.
Is made up of long hollow tubes formed by non-living cell walls (tracheary elements).
Non-living matter was once living (cells must die, leaving cell walls as tubes).
Consists of tracheids or vessel elements.
Xylem
T/F Tyloses can form in both protoxylem and metaxylem
False, only in metaxylem
A balloon-like outgrowth where parenchymatous cells extend into the lumen of both tracheids and vessels; occurs when tracheids or vessels become inactive or damaged
Tyloses
Cavitation that occurs when the tension of water within the xylem becomes so high that dissolved air expands to fill either the vessels or the tracheids.
Embolism
Differentiate tyloses and embolism
Tyloses - Outgrowth of walls, collapse causing blockage
Embolism - Air bubble in the vessel
generally found only in angiosperms
shorter and wider than tracheids
have perforated end walls, forming a perforation plate at each end of the cell
have pits on their lateral walls.
Vessel members
The part of the vessel element wall that bears the perforations is known as?
Perforation plate
What are the 4 types of perforation plates and describe each
- Simple - single large opening
- Scalariform - Ladder-like
- Reticulate - snake skin like
- Foraminate - Circular perforations
T/F Perforation plate regions lack both primary and secondary walls, allowing interconnectedness between vessel elements.
True
is present both in angiosperms and gymnosperms, as well as in ferns and other vascular plant groups
Elongated and spindle shaped
Tracheids
These are microscopic regions where the secondary wall is absent, and the primary wall is thin and porous.
Pits
Major differences of tracheids and vessels
Tracheids - Part of the xylem, elongated narrow tube-like dead and empty cells found alone in wood of ferns and gymnosperms
Vessels - Alive line of cells connected end to end at their perforation plates only found in angiosperms
Longer in length.
Has a thicker cell wall with bordered pits compared to tracheids.
Shorter in length than tracheids.
The border of the pit is much reduced compared to that of tracheids.
Fiber-Tracheid
These are very long fibers in the xylem with thick walls and small slit-like pits.
Libriform Fibers
Used for radial conduction.
Functions in the storage of food reserves, often in the form of starch or fat.
May also contain tannins and crystals.
Xylem Parenchyma
xylem forms one chamber in the middle of the stem, with metaxylem surrounding the protoxylem.
This formation is not found in any living plants today.
Centrarch
The protoxylem, which matures first, occurs at the periphery, and the metaxylem, which matures later, occurs in the center.
This pattern refers to development from the periphery (centripetal). Hence, the youngest cells of the xylem occur at the center, such as in roots.
Exarch
The protoxylem, which matures first, occurs at the center, and the metaxylem, which matures later, occurs in the periphery.
This development pattern is from the center (centrifugal), with the oldest cells closest to the center, as seen in the stem and leaf.
Endarch
metaxylem develops both external and internal to the protoxylem / both toward the center of the stem and in the opposite direction toward the periphery.
Xylem in leaves and stems of ferns develop this way.
Mesarch
Principal food-conducting tissue.
Substances transported in the phloem include sugar, amino acids, micronutrients, fatty acids, hormones, numerous proteins, and RNA’s.
Transports a large volume of water, serving as the principal source of water for fruits and young leaves.
Phloem
How does sugar move through the phloem?
Passive AND active transport from source to sink
Alive at maturity, though they lack organelles.
Have sieve plates or porous end walls that allow fluid to flow between cells along the _________.
Each __________ has a companion cell whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells.
Sieve-tube elements
Differentiate Sieve tube vs Sieve tube elements
Sieve Tube: Longitudinal series of sieve tube elements attached end to end.
Sieve Tube Elements: Slightly elongated parenchymatous cells.
Elongated cells with tapering ends.
Separate and distinct cells, unlike sieve tubes.
Sieve areas do not form sieve plates but have narrow pores all over the cell wall.
Lack companion cells
Found in lower vascular plants and gymnosperms.
Sieve cells
cells that are short, living cells that act as companion cells to sieve cells.
Albuminous cells
Specialized end walls of a sieve tube element that contain sieve pores.
Two protoplasts of two contiguous and functional sieve elements interconnected by cytoplasmic bridges like enlarged plasmodesmata.
Each connecting strand is encased in callose, a carbohydrate (B-1,3-glucan)
Callose accumulates in response to injury of the conducting cell.
Sieve plate
What is callose composed of?
B-1, 3-glucan
gives rise to a young sieve tube element and companion cell.
Procambial cell
occurs during maturation : dictyosomes, microtubules, ribosomes, tonoplast, nucleus undergo disintegration
Selective Autophagy
early indicators of sieve tube development.
Changes in the plastids and appearance of P-protein
act as damage control team.
P-protein and callose
life support system of the sieve tube element
Companion cell
Abundant in secondary phloem.
Plants with hard, tough bark have fibers comprising a significant part of their secondary phloem.
Provide considerable mechanical strength for the stem.
Phloem Sclerenchyma: Fibers and Sclereids
