Module 8 to 10 Flashcards
the starting substance in a chemical reaction
Reactant
the process by which the atoms of one or more substances are rearranged to form different substances; occurrence can be indicated by changes in temperature, color, odor, and physical state
Chemical reaction
a substance formed during a chemical reaction
Product
a statement using chemical formulas to describe the identities and relative amounts of the reactants and products involved in the chemical reaction
chemical equation
in a chemical equation, the number written in front of a reactant or product; in a balanced equation describes the lowest whole-number ratio of the amounts of all reactants and products
coefficient
a chemical reaction in which two or more substances react to yield a single product
synthesis reaction
a chemical reaction that occurs when a substance reacts with oxygen, releasing energy in the form of heat and light
combustion reaction
a chemical reaction that occurs when a single compound breaks down into two or more elements or new compounds
decomposition reaction
a chemical reaction that occurs when the atoms of one element replace the atoms of another element in a compound
single-replacement reaction
a chemical reaction that involves the exchange of ions between two compounds and produces either a precipitate, a gas, or water
double-replacement reaction
a solid produced during a chemical reaction in a solution
precipitate
a solution in which the solvent is water
aqueous
one or more substances dissolved in a solution
solute
the substance that dissolves a solute to form a solution; the most plentiful substance in the solution
solvent
an ionic equation that shows all the particles in a solution as they realistically exist
complete ionic equation
ion that does not participate in a reaction
spectator ion
an ionic equation that includes only the particles that participate in the reaction
net ionic equation
the SI base unit used to measure the amount of a substance, abbreviated mol; the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 g of pure carbon; one mole is the amount of a pure substance that contains 6.022 × 10²³ representative particles
mole
6.0221367 × 10²³, which is the number of representative particles in a mole, and can be rounded to three significant digits 6.02 × 10²³
Avogadro’s number
the mass in grams of one mole of any pure substance
molar mass
the percent by mass of each element in a compound
percent composition
a formula that shows the smallest whole-number mole ratio of the elements of a compound, and might or might not be the same as the actual molecular formula
empirical formula
a formula that specifies the actual number of atoms of each element in one molecule of a substance
molecular formula
a compound that has a specific number of water molecules bound to its atoms
hydrate
the study of quantitative relationships between the amounts of reactants used and products formed by a chemical reaction; is based on the law of conservation of mass
stoichiometry
in a balanced equation, the ratio between the numbers of moles of any two substances
mole ratio
a reactant that is totally consumed during a chemical reaction, limits the extent of the reaction, and determines the amount of product
limiting reactant
a reactant that remains after a chemical reaction stops
excess reactant
in a chemical reaction, the maximum amount of product that can be produced from a given amount of reactant
theoretical yield
the amount of product produced when a chemical reaction is carried out
actual yield
the ratio of actual yield (from an experiment) to theoretical yield (from stoichiometric calculations) expressed as a percent
percent yield
