Module 8: "The Impact of Information Technology on Society"

Question 1

The people, procedures, hardware, software, data, and knowledge needed to develop computer systems and machines that can simulate human intelligence processes, including learning (the acquisition of information and rules for using the information), reasoning (using rules to reach conclusions), and self-correction (using the outcome from one scenario to improve its performance on future scenarios).

Answer 1

artificial intelligence systems

Question 2

A process and a set of tools designed to enhance healthcare-related decision making through the use of clinical knowledge and patient-specific information to improve healthcare delivery.

Answer 2

clinical decision support (CDS)

Question 3

A system that enables physicians to place orders (for drugs, laboratory tests, radiology, physical therapy) electronically, with the orders transmitted directly to the recipient.

Answer 3

computerized provider order entry (CPOE) system

Question 4

A comprehensive view of the patient’s complete medical history designed to be shared with authorized providers and staff from more than one organization.

Answer 4

electronic health record (EHR)

Question 5

A collection of health-related information on an individual that is created, managed, and consulted by authorized clinicians and staff within a single healthcare organization.

Answer 5

electronic medical record (EMR)

Question 6

The process of sharing patient-level electronic health information between different organizations.

Answer 6

health information exchange (HIE)

Question 7

A program to incentivize physicians and hospitals to implement such systems. Under this act, increased Medicaid and Medicare reimbursements are made to doctors and hospitals that demonstrate “meaningful use” of electronic health record (EHR) technology.

Answer 7

Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH)

Question 8

A measure of economic performance that compares the amount of goods and services produced (output) with the number of labor hours used in producing those goods and services.

Answer 8

labor productivity

Question 9

A form of telemedicine in which patients and healthcare providers are present at different sites at the same time; often involves a videoconference link between the two sites.

Answer 9

live telemedicine

Question 10

A type of artificial intelligence (AI), involves computer programs that can learn some task and improve their performance with experience.

Answer 10

machine learning

Question 11

An aspect of artificial intelligence that involves technology that allows computers to understand, analyze, manipulate, and/or generate “natural” languages, such as English.

Answer 11

natural language processing

Question 12

Information from the electronic health record (EHR) that are routinely shared with the patient—such as personal identifiers, contact information, health provider information, problem list, medication history, allergies, immunizations, and lab and test results.

Answer 12

personal health record (PHR)

Question 13

Also called home monitoring, it is the regular, ongoing, accurate measurement of an individual’s vital signs (temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing rate) and other health measures (e.g., glucose levels for a diabetic) and the transmission of this data to a healthcare provider.

Answer 13

remote monitoring

Question 14

A branch of engineering that involves the development and manufacture of mechanical or computer devices that can perform tasks that require a high degree of precision or that are tedious or hazardous for human beings, such as painting cars or making precision welds.

Answer 14

robotics

Question 15

The acquiring of data, sound, images, and video from a patient and then transmitting everything to a medical specialist for later evaluation.

Answer 15

store-and-forward telemedicine

Question 16

Employs electronic information processing and telecommunications to support at-a-distance health care, provide professional and patient health-related training, and support healthcare administration.

Answer 16

telehealth

Question 17

A component of telehealth that provides medical care to people at a location different from the healthcare providers.

Answer 17

telemedicine

Question 18

U.S. nonfarm labor productivity from 1948 to 2016 has averaged about __________ per year.

Answer 18

2.3 percent

Question 19

_____________is the amount of output produced per unit of input.

Answer 19

Labor productivity

Question 20

The average annual growth rate of nonfarm labor productivity has never exceeded 3 percent. True or False?

Answer 20

False

Question 21

A study of 527 large U.S. firms from 1987 to 1994 found that the benefits of applying IT grow over time and that an IT investment can take ____________

Answer 21

five to seven years to result in a substantial increase in productivity

Question 22

Almost every job has partial automation potential, and research suggests that ________ of human work activities could be automated using existing

Answer 22

45 percent

Question 23

The types of work activities least likely to be automated are activities related to ___________.

Answer 23

interactions with stakeholders

Question 24

__________ involves computer programs that can learn some task and improve their performance on that task with experience.

Answer 24

machine learning

Question 25

The rate at which activities become automated and workers are affected will vary across different activities, occupations, and wage and skill levels. True or False?

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Which of the following is not one of the three main components of a machine learning system

• a model
• parameters
• the learner
• explanation facility

Answer 26

explanation facility

Question 27

Which of the following statements about healthcare spending is not true?

• Lifestyle changes have had a dramatic impact on increasing healthcare costs.
• Much of the growth in healthcare costs is due to the continued aging of the population in the United States.
• The development and use of new medical technology in the United States has clearly led to a reduction in healthcare costs.
• U.S. spending on health care is expected to increase on an average of 5.6 percent per year from 2016 until 2025.

Answer 27

The development and use of new medical technology in the United States has clearly led to a reduction in healthcare costs.

Question 28

Which of the following statements about electronic healthcare records is true?

• EHRs contain the health-related information of an individual from a single healthcare organization.
• The data in an EHR system from one EHR can always be easily shared electronically with a physician who uses an EHR system from another software vendor.
• A health information exchange can be helpful in sharing patient-level electronic information between different organizations.
• The data in an EHR is not intended to be shared with others outside the organization that collects the patient’s data.

Answer 28

A health information exchange can be helpful in sharing patient-level electronic information between different organizations.

Question 29

Clinical __________ is a process and a set of tool designed to enhance healthcare-related decision making based on the use of clinical knowledge and patient-specific information to improve healthcare delivery.

Answer 29

decision support

Question 30

A CPOE system enables physicians to place orders (for drugs, laboratory tests, radiology, physical therapy) electronically, with the orders transmitted directly to the recipient. True or False?

Answer 30

True

Question 31

_________is the component of telehealth that provides medical care to people at a location different from the healthcare providers.

Answer 31

Telemedicine