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Micr2000 > Module 8 - Parasitology > Flashcards

Module 8 - Parasitology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four Protozoa groups?

A

Flagellates, Amoeaba, Apicomplexa, Ciliate

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2
Q

What are the defining characteristics of protozoa?

A

eukaryotes & unicellular

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3
Q

What are the five main routes of infection of protozoa?

A
  1. faecal-oral
  2. vector-borne
  3. predator-prey
  4. aerosol
  5. sexual
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4
Q

Protozoa are small but deadly because…

A
  • rapid development (–> acute diseases)
  • amplification in host (–> intense infections)
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5
Q

What are the three main types of diseases caused by protozoa?

A
  • gastro-enteritis (diarrhoea)
  • vascular disorders (anaemia, ischaemia)
  • space-occupying lesions (organ malfunction)
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6
Q

What are the key characteristics and stages of the Plasmodium species in the context of malaria (Phylum: Apicomplexa)?

A

Phylum: Apicomplexa

Key Stages:
- Schizonts/Gamonts: Asexual reproduction stage found in human blood.
- Ookinetes/Sporozoites: Infectious stages transmitted by mosquitoes.

Malaria Cycle: Involves a complex life cycle between humans and mosquitoes.

Recrudescence:
- P. falciparum
- P. malariae

Relapsing:
- P. ovale
- P. vivax

Symptoms: Malaria can lead to severe illness, as shown in the clinical image of a patient needing assistance.

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7
Q

What are the key characteristics and transmission methods of Babesia species (Tick Fever)?

A

Phylum: Apicomplexa

Type: Tick-borne protozoan parasites causing tick fever in humans and cattle.

Key Stage:
- Piroplasms: The infectious stage found within red blood cells of the host.

Transmission:
- Vectors: Spread through bites of infected ticks.
- Life Cycle:
- Trans-stadial Transmission: Infection can occur as ticks
develop from larva to nymph to adult.
- Trans-ovarian Transmission: Infected female ticks can
pass the infection to their developing eggs.

Tick Hosts:
- Can involve 1-host, 2-host, or 3-host ticks during their lifecycle.

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8
Q

What are the key characteristics and transmission methods of Leishmania and Trypanosoma species (Flagellates)?

A

Phylum: Flagellates

Types: Includes Leishmania and Trypanosoma species.

Key Stage:
- Amastigotes: The intracellular form found in host tissues.

Transmission:
- Vectors: Spread by insect vectors, specifically sandflies.

Types of Infections:
- Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Characterized by skin sores and lesions.
- Visceral Leishmaniasis: Affects internal organs, often leading to severe illness.

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9
Q

What are the key characteristics and life cycle of Giardia species (Diarrhoea)?

A

Genus: Giardia spp.

Transmission:
- Active Stage: Active swimming and feeding trophozoites.
- Cyst Stage: Exogenous cysts resistant to desiccation.

Life Cycle:
- Alternates between:
- Trophozoite: Active, motile form that feeds in the
intestines.
- Cysts: Dormant form that is excreted in the feces of
infected individuals, particularly children.

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10
Q

What are the characteristics and life cycle of Entamoeba histolytica (Amoebic Dysentery)?

A

Genus: Entamoeba

Species: E. histolytica

Transmission:
- Trophozoite Stage: Active feeding form that causes infection.
- Cyst Stage: Exogenous cysts resistant to desiccation.

Life Cycle:
- Transmitted via the faecal-oral route.
- Alternates between:
- Feeding Trophozoite: Invades the intestinal lining,
causing amoebic dysentery.
- Cysts: Passed in the feces, capable of surviving in the
environment and infecting new hosts.

Infection Effects:
- Can cause histolysis, leading to soft tissue abscesses in infected individuals.

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11
Q

What are the characteristics and life cycle of Balantidium coli (ciliates)?

A

Genus: Balantidium
Species: B. coli
Causes bloody diarrhea due to colonic ulceration.

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12
Q

What are the sites of infection for protozoa?

A

Gastro-intestinal:
- Enteritis
- Diarrhea

Vascular:
- Fever
- Anemia

Tissues/Organs:
- Lesions
- Malfunction

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13
Q

What are the defining characteristics of parasitic worms (helminths)?

A

eukaryotes, metazoa, invertebrate

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14
Q

What are the three main types of helminths?

A

nematodes (round worms)
cestodes (tape worms)
trematodes (flat worms/flukes)

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15
Q

What are the sites of infection for helminths?

A

Enteric – eg. intestinal nematodes

Vascular – eg filarial worms
(microfilariae in blood stream) & blood flukes

Tissue – eg. encysted metacestodes &
liver flukes

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16
Q

What are the three main types of transmission for helminths?

A
  1. faecal-oral (eggs)
  2. vector-borne (larvae)
  3. predator-prey (encysted larvae)
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17
Q

Helminths are large and not so deadly because…

A
  • slow development (>chronic diseases)
  • no amplification (>light infections)
18
Q

What are the three main types of diseases caused by helminths?

A
  1. gastro-enteritis (blockages, diarrhoea)
  2. vascular disorders (lymphoedema)
  3. granulomas (encapsulated larvae)
19
Q

What are the characteristics and effects of Trichuris (whip worm)?

A

Adult Worm:
- Trichuris (whipworm)

Transmission:
- Eggs ingestion

Symptoms:
- Diarrhea
- Rectal prolapse

Eggs:
- Exogenous egg

20
Q

What are the characteristics and effects of Ascaris (round worm)?

A

Adult Worm:
- Ascaris (roundworm)

Transmission:
- Eggs ingestion

Symptoms:
- Pneumonia (due to larval migration)
- Gut obstruction (by adult worms)

Eggs:
- Exogenous egg

21
Q

What are the characteristics and effects of Ancylostoma (hook worm)?

A

Adult Worm:
- Ancylostoma (hookworm)

Transmission:
- Infective larvae

Symptoms:
- Larval migrans (causing skin issues)

Eggs:
- Exogenous egg.

22
Q

What are the characteristics and effects of Onchocerca (filarial worm)?

A

Adult Worm:
- Onchocerca (filarial worm)

Transmission:
- Vector-borne (blackfly)

Microfilariae:
- Early stage in life cycle

Symptoms:
- Causes elephantiasis, leading to significant swelling in limbs.

23
Q

What are the characteristics and treatment of Dracunculus (guinea worm)?

A

Adult Worm:
- Dracunculus (guinea worm)

Transmission:
- Eggs ingested.

Eggs:
- Exogenous egg

Symptoms:
- Adult worms lead to significant discomfort and potential complications.

Treatment:
- Physical extraction of the adult worm, often using a stick to slowly wind out the worm from the affected area.

24
Q

What are the characteristics and effects of Taenia solium (Pork Tapeworm)?

A

Adult Worm:
- Taenia solium (pork tapeworm)

Transmission:
- Eggs are ingested.

Exogenous Egg:
- Eggs can be seen under a microscope.

Symptoms and Complications:
- May lead to brain cysticercosis (cysticerci in the brain), causing neurological issues and complications.

25
Q

What are the characteristics and transmission of Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis (hydatid disease)?

A

Adult Worms:
- Found in the intestines of carnivores (e.g., foxes, dingoes).

Transmission Cycle:
- Involves predator-prey interactions (e.g., foxes/dingoes to kangaroos/sheep/humans).
- Eggs are shed by adult worms in the intestines of carnivores and are passed in their feces.

Larval Stage:
- Forms hydatid cysts in humans, sheep, and kangaroos.

Symptoms/Complications:
- Presence of hydatid cysts can lead to various complications in affected tissues.

Infections in in many parts of the world in either domestic
(eg farm-dog: sheep; fox: sheep) or sylvatic (wild-life)
cycles (dingoe: kangaroo),

26
Q

What is the transmission cycle and associated conditions caused by Schistosoma (Blood Fluke)?

A

Transmission Cycle:
- Involves a snail vector.

Life Stages:
- Adult worms reside in the host.
- Exogenous eggs are released into the environment.

Associated Conditions:
- Ascites: Fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity.
- Granulomas: Formation of small inflammatory nodules in response to egg presence in tissues.

27
Q

What is the transmission cycle and associated conditions caused by Fasciola (Liver Fluke)?

A

Transmission Cycle:
- Involves a snail vector.

Life Stages:
- Adult worms reside in the host.
- Exogenous eggs are released into the environment.

Associated Conditions:
- Pipestem Fibrosis: A condition characterized by fibrosis in the liver due to the presence of adult liver flukes.

28
Q

What are the defining characteristics of arthropods?

A

Ticks & other mites have 4 pairs of legs; Insecta have 3 pairs.

29
Q

What are the characteristics of ticks and other mites

A
  • Blood-sucking arachnids with abdomen,
    head & thorax fused.
  • Adults & nymphs with 4 pairs of legs, no wings
  • Larvae with 3 pairs of legs
    Two main families:
    1. hard ticks (Family Ixodidae)
    1. soft ticks (Family Argasidae)
30
Q

What is the difference between soft and hard ticks?

A

oft ticks (Family Argasidae): Males and females are similar.
Hard ticks (Family Ixodidae): Males and females are different.

31
Q

Describe the feeding habits and life cycle of ticks.

A

Ticks are blood suckers with specialized mouthparts for penetrating host skin and may secrete cement for attachment.
Typically have three individual hosts in their life cycle.

32
Q

What complications can arise from bites of Ixodes holocyclus (the paralysis tick)?

A
  • Queensland tick typhus (Rickettsia australis infection)
  • Rickettsia parkeri infection
  • Mammalian Meat Allergy
  • Angioneurotic edema (severe allergic reaction to tick saliva)
  • Ascending spinal paralysis (envenomation)
33
Q

What are the lice found on humans?

A

Pediculus capitis: Head lice
Pediculus humanus: Clothes (body) lice
Pthirus pubis: Crab or pubic louse

34
Q

What are the vectors associated with clothes lice?

A

Bartonella quintana: Trench fever
Borrelia recurrentis: Recurrent fever
Rickettsia prowazekii: Louse-Borne Epidemic Typhus (LBET)

35
Q

Describe the life cycle of lice.

A

The life cycle is entirely on the host, unlike almost all other parasites.

36
Q

What is significant about fleas?

A

Fleas (Class Siphonaptera) are notorious vectors of the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which causes plague.

37
Q

What modern challenges do parasites present?

A

Threats like Mammalian Meat Allergy from paralysis tick bites and the re-emergence of parasitic diseases such as malaria and schistosomiasis.
Drug resistance in roundworms and arthropods is a growing concern.

38
Q

How has parasitology evolved in recent times?

A

Use of contemporary techniques in molecular, cellular, and population biology for diagnosis, treatment, and control of parasites.
Focus on drug resistance, vaccine development, and novel therapies.

39
Q

How are tick bites diagnosed in Australia?

A

Diagnosis often involves clinical evaluation based on symptoms and a history of potential exposure to ticks.

Laboratory tests may include serological tests for specific infections associated with tick bites (e.g., Rickettsia spp.).

Identification of the tick species may also assist in determining potential diseases transmitted by that species.

40
Q

Describe a well-recognised complication of tick bites in Australia.

A

A significant complication is ascending spinal paralysis due to tick venom (envenomation), particularly associated with the paralysis tick (Ixodes holocyclus).

Other complications include Queensland tick typhus and Mammalian Meat Allergy, which can occur after tick bites.

Micr2000 (7 decks)

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