Module 8 - Intelligence and Academic Achievement Flashcards
define intelligence
the ability to acquire, apply, and adapt ones knowledge and skills to meet the demands of one’s environment
define general intellience
(g): single board mental capacity, ability to think and learn in every context
- related too: performance on many distinct cognitive test, higher grade, IQ test, general knowledge, etc.
define crystallized intelligence
working with prior knowledge, drawing association with known concepts, experience-dependent, long-term memory and verbal ability
- answering math problems
define fluid intelligence
thinking on the spot, new problems and content, does not rely on experience, working memory, what you can hold in your mind in the moment and how you work with it
- understanding relations of concepts not previously seen
what is the support with fluid and crystallized intelligence?
fluid:
- ages from 20 to 90 are presented with tasks of reasoning and perceptual speed
- fluid intelligence is shown to be the most at early 20 and then will decline from there
crystallized:
- shown to be increasing with age, as you have more experience
- tasks with vocabulary
what are the 7 kinds of intelligence/primary mental abilities?
crystallized: word fluency, verbal meaning
fluid: reasoning, spatial reasoning, numbering, toe memory and perceptual speed
- don’t memorize, more just understand what the reasoning behind his reasoning to create the 7 categories
define the unified theory
- John B. Carroll
Three-stratum theory: a hierarchical model of intelligence - general intelligence at the top
eight correlated domains of intelligence in the middle - many specific cognitive processes at the bottom level
- able to look at each level level to answer questions when it comes to learning with kids
- there is not a singular way that we should look at intelligence
what are the alternative theories of intelligence?
Gardner’s theory/multiple intelligence: three standard IQ tests (linguistic, logical-math, spatial), and added 5 additional forms (musical, kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic)
- not much empirical support this as a way of describing intelligence
Sternberg’s theory/successful intelligence: intelligence should describe one’s ability to be successful in the things they chose to do, 3 categories (analytical,c creative, and practical-contextual abilities)
- g is able to predict real-world success just fine
what are the origins of studying intelligence?
1940: saw that children were struggling, the government was worried that teachers’ reports were bias
- Alfred Binet: saw intelligence as involving high-level thinking and reasoning, developed the Binet-Simon intelligence Test (huge success in predicting grades)
why do we measure intelligence?
uses:
- predicting developmental outcomes and needs
- more objective/less subjective than other measures
things to keep in mind:
- tests cannot capture intelligence across all domains/contexts (only score you on what is asked)
- an approximation of one’s capacities
- can be culturally biased
- ethical considerations (intelligence does not equal worth)
define the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
- produces a total score (g) and 5 subscores (verbal comprehension, visual-spatial, working memory, fluid reasoning, processing speed indexes)
- used for children 6 and up
define verbal comprehension index
ability to recall, understand, think about, and express stored verbal information (words, facts, concepts) –> crystallized
- similarity test
- vocabulary test
define visual-spatial processing index
ability to visualize and reason about spatial relationships, to think about things in terms of parts and wholes, and to coordinate your actions accordingly
- block design: give design and blocks, ask kids to move the blocks to create the design
- visual puzzle: given shape, selecting pieces that would be needed to reconstruct the shape
define working memory index
ability to encode, hold, and manipulate information in your consciousness
- digit span forward task: rehearsing of numbers to keep in it your head
- digit span backwards: repeating it the first way and then backwards
- digit span sequencing: repeating it in a difference way, even harder manipulation
define fluid reasoning index
identify underlying relationships and use reasoning to infer/apply rules
- picture concepts tasks: grouping items based on shared characteristics
- matrix reasoning: selecting items that will complete the pattern
