Module 8 Flashcards
Passive immunity is when a mother passes what to her infant through breast milk?
antibodies called immunoglobulins
Which immunoglobulins are in breastmilk?
IgA, IgM, and IgG
immune response that is exaggerated or inappropriate against an antigen or allergen
Hypersensitivity reaction
Bee stings, latex, and medication reactions are all examples of what type of hypersensitivity reaction?
Type I: IgE mediated allergic
Hemolytic reactions is an example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
Type II: Cytotoxic
immune complex deposition (SLE) is an example of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
Type III:IgG/IgM mediated
PPD test, latex, nickel, and poison ivy are all examples of which type of hypersensitivity reaction?
Type IV: delayed
What type of immunity is responsible for production of antibodies and immune responses that are mediated by antibodies?
Antibody mediated immunity (Humoral)
Antibodies produced by the B cells will bind to antigens, neutralizing them, or causing lysis or phagocytosis occurs in which type of immunity?
Antibody mediated immunity (humoral)
immune responses in which targets are attacked directly by immune system cells–specifically cytolytic T cells and macrophages describes which form of immunity?
Cell mediated immunity
Vaccine contraindications
anaphylactic reaction to specific vaccine and/or vaccine component, and moderate or severe illnesses with or without fever
Common side effects with vaccine administration
local reactions and fever
What can you do to reduce pain and anxiety when administering vaccines to children?
distraction
rapid administration
give most painful last
What kind of vaccine needs to be avoided in immunocompromised children?
Live vaccines
a bacterial disease marked by rigidity and spasms of the voluntary muscles. “Lockjaw” is common sign.
Tetanus
3 clinical forms of tetanus include
generalized
localized
cephalic
Post exposure intervention for tetanus
immediate treatment with TIG agents to control muscle spasms aggressive wound care antibiotics tetanus toxoid booster
CDC recommendations regarding tetanus
vaccines for all babies, children, preteens, teens, and adults
How do we use antihistamines in a severe reaction?
H1 antihistamines are used as adjuvant therapy
Which antihistamines are effective in motion sickness?
promethazine [Phenergan]
dimenhydrinate [Dramamine]
Why are H1 blockers used to treat mild allergic disorders?
to reduce localized flushing, edema, itching, and pain. Also helps to suppress secretion of mucus.
Why are H2 blockers used to treat gastric and duodenal ulcers?
they depress production of hydrochloric acid
Acute urticaria, chronic idiopathic urticaria, itching and flushing in anaphylaxis, pruritus, and contact dermatitis can be treated with what combination?
H1 and H2 blockers given together
First generation H1 antagonists differ from second-generation in what way?
They are highly sedating
Cetirizine
Fexofenadine
Loratadine
second generation H1 antagonists
GI side effects seen in aspirin use
heartburn
nausea
gastric distress
GI effects seen in long-term/chronic aspirin use
Occult GI bleeding-anemia
gastric ulceration, perforation, and bleeding
How can you reduce aspirin induced GI issues?
take with food or full glass of water
ulcer prevention with PPI, H2Ras and misoprostol
CDC recommends aspirin be avoided in children under 18 because what syndrome can develop?
Reyes syndrome
What medications can be used topically to relieve pain and itching associated with various skin disorders, sunburn, plant poisoning, fungal infection, diaper rash, and eczema
Local anesthetics–Lidocaine, tetracaine, and cocaine
Risk for toxicity from topical anesthetics increases with amount absorbed which is determined by?
(1) amount applied
(2) skin condition
(3) skin temperature
Local anesthetics are frequently administered in combination with which vasoconstrictor and why?
epinephrine because it delays absorption and prolongs anesthesia and reduces risk for toxicity
syndrome that develops when aspirin levels climb just slightly above therapeutic. Signs include tinnitus, sweating, headache, and dizziness.
Salicylism
works on immune system to help relieve swelling, redness, itching, and allergic reactions. Used to treat low cortisol levels caused by diseases of the adrenal gland.
Oral hydrocortisone
Prolonged administration of glucocorticoids can cause what complications?
adrenal insufficiency osteoporosis risk for infection glucose intolerance growth retardation in kids fluid & electrolyte imbalance PUD iatrogenic Cushing syndrome
Induced by long-term glucocorticoid therapy. Symptoms include hyperglycemia, glycosuria, fluid and electrolyte disturbances, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, cutaneous striations, and lowered resistance to infection. “Potbelly”, “moon face”, and “buffalo hump”
Iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome
characterized by throbbing head pain of moderate to severe intensity. Has two primary forms: with aura and without aura. Neurovascular disorder that involves dilation and inflammation of intracranial blood vessels.
Migraine
lasting 15 mins to 2 hours and is characterized by severe, throbbing, unilateral pain in the orbital-temporal area.
Cluster headaches
Most common type. Characterized by moderate, nonthrobbing pain, usually located in a “headband” distribution. Headache is often associated with scalp tingling and a sense of tightness or pressure in the head and neck.
Tension
a. NSAIDs – aspirin, naproxen, diclofenac
b. Acetaminophen + aspirin + caffeine = Excedrin Migraine
c. Opioid analgesics = Butorphanol nasal spray
d. Migraine specific drugs – SSRA (triptans), Ergot Alkaloids
Headache abortive medications
propranolol, divalproex, and amitriptyline.
Headache prevention medications
reduces release of inflammatory neuropeptides—diminishes perivascular inflammation which when coupled with vasoconstriction help relieve migraine pain. Taken to abort an ongoing migraine attack.
Sumatriptan
Side effects of Sumatriptan are transient and mild but what is a rare but serious side effect?
Coronary vasospasm
teratogenesis in pregnancy
acute or chronic overdose of Ergotamine causing serious toxicity. Overdose can cause ischemia secondary to constriction of peripheral arteries and arterioles: the extremities become cold, pale, and numb; muscle pain develops; and gangrene may eventually result.
Ergotism
used to relieve pain and to treat opioid addiction. Can cause QT prolongation
Methadone
