Module 8-5 + 8-8 Flashcards
Integrated bus rides through the South organized by CORE in 1961 to test compliance with Supreme Court rulings on segregation.
Freedom Rides
1964 civil rights project in Mississippi launched by SNCC, CORE, the SCLC, and the NAACP. Some eight hundred volunteers, mainly white college students, worked on voter registration drives and in freedom schools to improve education for rural black youngsters.
Freedom Summer
Programs meant to overcome historical patterns of discrimination against minorities and women in education and employment. By establishing guidelines for hiring and college admissions, the government sought to advance equal opportunities for minorities and women.
Affirmative action
August 28, 1963 rally by civil rights organizations in Washington, D.C. that brought increased national attention to the movement.
March on Washington
1965 act that eliminated many of the obstacles to African American voting in the South and resulted in dramatic increases in black participation in the electoral process.
Voting Rights Act
Organization founded in 1966 by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale to advance the black power movement in black communities.
Black panther party
Act extending “full and equal treatment” for all races in public accommodations, including jury service and public transportation. However, in 1883, the Supreme Court ruled the act was unconstitutional.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Mandatory nationwide initiative to integrate schools, begun in 1971 to comply with the 1954 Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board. The practice of school busing continued in the U.S. well into the 1990s. Also known as “busing” or “desegregation busing.”
School busing
Landmark 1954 Supreme Court case that overturned the “separate but equal” principle established by Plessy v. Ferguson and applied to public schools. Few schools in the South were racially desegregated for more than a decade.
Brown v. Board of education
Nine students who, in 1957, became the first African Americans to attend Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. Federal troops were required to overcome the resistance of white officials and the violence of white protesters.
Little Rock Nine
Thirteen-month bus boycott that began with the arrest of Rosa Parks for refusing to give up her seat to a white man. The successful protest catapulted Martin Luther King, Jr., a local pastor, into national prominence as a civil rights leader.
Montgomery bus boycott
Organization founded in 1957 by Martin Luther King Jr. and other black ministers to encourage nonviolent protests against racial segregation and disfranchisement in the South.
South Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Civil rights organization that grew out of the sit-ins of 1960. The organization focused on taking direct action and political organizing to achieve its goals.
Student nonviolent coordinating committee (SNCC)
