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Bio 265 test 3 > Module 8 > Flashcards

Module 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Upper esophageal spincter

A

Mouth is separated from the esophagus by the upper esophageal spincter

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2
Q

Upper esophageal sphincter is separated from the stomach by what?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter AKA Cardiac sphincter

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3
Q

Stomach

A

Temporary storage chamber & churning apparatus which initiates protein breakdown.
Is separated from the small intestine by the pyloric sphincter

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4
Q

Small intestine

A

Main site for enzymatic digestion & absorption. Receives secretions from gall bladder & pancreas.

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5
Q

Small intestine is separated from the large intestine from the

A

ilieocecal sphincter

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6
Q

Large intestine

A

absorbs fluids & stores fecal matter before expulsion from the body

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7
Q

Internal vs external anal sphincter

A

inner is reflexively controlled

External is voluntarily controlled

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8
Q

Mucosa

A

Epithelial layer
underlying loose connective tissue layer: Lamina Propia, which is rich in capillaries, nerve fibers & lymph vessels
thin layer: Muscularis Mucosae

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9
Q

Enterocyte

A

Epithilal cells are organized in a single layer w/most abundant cell being the enterocyte
Express proteins for digestion & absorption.

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10
Q

Villi

A

Finger like progections to increase surface area

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11
Q

Cryptes

A

Folds to increase surface area

created due to contractions of the muscularis mucosae

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12
Q

Submucosa

A

Below the mucosa and consists of loose connective tissues with large blood vessles
Contains submucosal plexus of the enteric nervous sys. which does glandular secretions

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13
Q

Muscle layer

A

2 Layers of smooth muscle: inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer
Between layers is the myenteric nerve plexus: controls contractions of Peristalsis (smooth muscle)

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14
Q

Serosa

A

Connective tissue connects tubes & maintains lubrication

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15
Q

Mesentary

A

Anchors so organs don’t go everywhere.

path for veins

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16
Q

peritonitis

A

Inflammation of peritoneal membranes
Chem. irritation–>bile leak
Ruptured appendix

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17
Q

Ascities

A

Fluid buildup in peritoneal cavity
Perontitis
starvation
liver cancer

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18
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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19
Q

Disaccarides

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

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20
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose-Gucose

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21
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose-Fructose

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22
Q

Lactose

A

Galactose-Gluctose

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23
Q

Fructose & glucose make up % of dietary carbs

A

10%

24
Q

Sucrose & Lactose disaccharaides make up % of dietary carbs

A

40%

25
Q

Startch makes up % up dietary carbss

A

50% Polysaccharides storage form of carbs in plants

26
Q

How does glucose get inside the cell?

A

Na+ symport

Enterocytes apical surface

27
Q

Salivary amylase

A

found in mouth
breaks down carbs
saliva
Hydrolyse bonds (break) but quickly inactivated by stomach acid

28
Q

Pancreatic Amylase

A

Majority of carb digestion occurs in small intestine.

Breaks alpha bonds but carbs contain more than this bond so digestion is incomplete

29
Q

Brush Border enzymes

A

Small intestine: Lactase & sucrase
Apical membrane of enterocytes
Hydrolyze alpha bonds left by Pancreatic & Salivary amylase

30
Q

Most animals cannot break which bonds

A

Beta 1-4 bonds in polysacchrides

Fiber

31
Q

Glucose & Galactose is transported by

A

through the apical membrane

Na+/K+ co-transporter

32
Q

Fructose transportation

A

Facilitaed diffusion GLUT 5

33
Q

Balsale transporter

A

Once inside the cell Glucose, Galactose or Fructose is transported by GLUT 2

34
Q

High Fructose Corn Syrup

A

glucose 45 Fructose 55%
Sucrose has equal amounts
Liver has GLUT 5 to transport Fructose which then stimulates lipogenesis (BAD=obese)
whereas glucose needs insulin to trigger the insertion of the transporter

35
Q

Lysosomes

A

Break down amino acids into monosaccharides

36
Q

Protein digestion

A

Pepsinogen: inactive Pepsin secreted by stomach. Activated by presence of Acid
Pepsin digests 10 of dietary proteins.
Secreted by stomach cells

37
Q

Small intestine protein digestion

A

5 enzymes
Trypsinogen activated by brush border enzyme
Enterokinase which converts it to trypsin
activates other 4 enzymes: Chymotrypsin, elastase, Carboxypeptidase-a, Carboxypeptidase

38
Q

Final phase in small intestine protein digestion

A

Brush border enzymes aminopeptidases & carboxypeptidases which generate products ready for absorbtion.

39
Q

Proteins can be absorbed as

A

Monomers, di & tripeptides however to be transported across the basal membrane the proteins must be broken down to single amino acids. So once inside the cell the di & tri peptides are further digested by proteases in lysosomes

40
Q

Mouth & stomach has which lipases?

A

lingual & gastric

41
Q

Triglycerols are made of

A

Glycerols & fatty acids

Fatty acids are chains of carbons which bonds to the glycerols through a dehydration synthesis reaction

42
Q

Saturated

A

No double bonds
Every carbon is a single bond.
1 carbon to every 2 H atoms in the chain & 3 to the last C
Vegetable oils, liquid

43
Q

Unsaturated

A 
1 or more double bonds
1 double bond= mono unsaturated fats
2 or more double bonds= poly unsaturated fats
cis or trans double bonds
Meat, Solid at room temp
44
Q

Trans fats

A

hydrogenated saturated fats

Coronary heart disease

45
Q

bile

A

Released by liver & gall bladder into small intestine

Emulsifer

46
Q

Emulcified fat cells

A

Micelles are lipophilic and transported by diffusion across the membrane. Intracellularly proteins transport it to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum where fats are put into chylomicrons exocytosed into the lymphatic system

47
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Blood, epithilial cells & enterocytes

Epithilial cells–>Lymph vessles

48
Q

VCDL’s

A

Liver–Tissues

49
Q

trans fats

A

start notes here

50
Q

Cheif Cells

A

Secrete Pepsinogen, inactive form of protease pepsin into stomach lumen
Activated into pepsin by Acid
Thus stimulus that increases acid production also increases pepsinogen secretion

51
Q

Mucus Secreting cells

A

Secrete Mucus
Protection from acidic environment of stomach
Ulcer protection

52
Q

Enterochromaffin-like cells

A

Release histamine into the stomach for stimulating acid production

53
Q

G-Cell

A

Produce hormone: Gastrine which circulates in blood with receptors
Gastrine is released in response to stomach distension, ACH, pH changes
Gastrine stimulates the production of acid & secretion of pepsinogen

54
Q

Parietal Cell

A

Secrete acid & intrinsic factor into the stomach lumen.

Intrinsic factor helps B-12 absorption later in the small intestine which then produces red blood cells

55
Q

S-cell

A

Releases Secretin in response to stomach acid
Secretin will bind to pancreas which releases bicarbonate: HCO3 to buffer the acidic pH in the stomach
Secretin also interacts with the G-cell reducing the secretion of gastrin, thus slowing the rate of acid production.

56
Q

I-cell

A

Releases a hormone into the blood stream called CCK Cholecystokinin. CCK releases is regulated by acid as well as lipids
CCK interacts with pancreatic cells inducing the release of digestive enzymes
CCK will interact with cells of the gall bladder & induce contraction of the gall bladder, thus releasing bile into the small intestine
CCK will interactat with the pyloric sphincter causing the sphincter to contract, resulting in a reduced gastric emptying
CCK helps the brain feel full

Bio 265 test 3 (2 decks)

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