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Bio 265 test 3 > Module 8 > Flashcards

Module 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Upper esophageal spincter

A

Mouth is separated from the esophagus by the upper esophageal spincter

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2
Q

Upper esophageal sphincter is separated from the stomach by what?

A

Lower esophageal sphincter AKA Cardiac sphincter

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3
Q

Stomach

A

Temporary storage chamber & churning apparatus which initiates protein breakdown.
Is separated from the small intestine by the pyloric sphincter

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4
Q

Small intestine

A

Main site for enzymatic digestion & absorption. Receives secretions from gall bladder & pancreas.

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5
Q

Small intestine is separated from the large intestine from the

A

ilieocecal sphincter

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6
Q

Large intestine

A

absorbs fluids & stores fecal matter before expulsion from the body

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7
Q

Internal vs external anal sphincter

A

inner is reflexively controlled

External is voluntarily controlled

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8
Q

Mucosa

A

Epithelial layer
underlying loose connective tissue layer: Lamina Propia, which is rich in capillaries, nerve fibers & lymph vessels
thin layer: Muscularis Mucosae

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9
Q

Enterocyte

A

Epithilal cells are organized in a single layer w/most abundant cell being the enterocyte
Express proteins for digestion & absorption.

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10
Q

Villi

A

Finger like progections to increase surface area

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11
Q

Cryptes

A

Folds to increase surface area

created due to contractions of the muscularis mucosae

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12
Q

Submucosa

A

Below the mucosa and consists of loose connective tissues with large blood vessles
Contains submucosal plexus of the enteric nervous sys. which does glandular secretions

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13
Q

Muscle layer

A

2 Layers of smooth muscle: inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer
Between layers is the myenteric nerve plexus: controls contractions of Peristalsis (smooth muscle)

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14
Q

Serosa

A

Connective tissue connects tubes & maintains lubrication

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15
Q

Mesentary

A

Anchors so organs don’t go everywhere.

path for veins

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16
Q

peritonitis

A

Inflammation of peritoneal membranes
Chem. irritation–>bile leak
Ruptured appendix

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17
Q

Ascities

A

Fluid buildup in peritoneal cavity
Perontitis
starvation
liver cancer

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18
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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19
Q

Disaccarides

A

Maltose
Sucrose
Lactose

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20
Q

Maltose

A

Glucose-Gucose

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21
Q

Sucrose

A

Glucose-Fructose

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22
Q

Lactose

A

Galactose-Gluctose

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23
Q

Fructose & glucose make up % of dietary carbs

24
Q

Sucrose & Lactose disaccharaides make up % of dietary carbs

25
Startch makes up % up dietary carbss
50% Polysaccharides storage form of carbs in plants
26
How does glucose get inside the cell?
Na+ symport | Enterocytes apical surface
27
Salivary amylase
found in mouth breaks down carbs saliva Hydrolyse bonds (break) but quickly inactivated by stomach acid
28
Pancreatic Amylase
Majority of carb digestion occurs in small intestine. | Breaks alpha bonds but carbs contain more than this bond so digestion is incomplete
29
Brush Border enzymes
Small intestine: Lactase & sucrase Apical membrane of enterocytes Hydrolyze alpha bonds left by Pancreatic & Salivary amylase
30
Most animals cannot break which bonds
Beta 1-4 bonds in polysacchrides | Fiber
31
Glucose & Galactose is transported by
through the apical membrane | Na+/K+ co-transporter
32
Fructose transportation
Facilitaed diffusion GLUT 5
33
Balsale transporter
Once inside the cell Glucose, Galactose or Fructose is transported by GLUT 2
34
High Fructose Corn Syrup
glucose 45 Fructose 55% Sucrose has equal amounts Liver has GLUT 5 to transport Fructose which then stimulates lipogenesis (BAD=obese) whereas glucose needs insulin to trigger the insertion of the transporter
35
Lysosomes
Break down amino acids into monosaccharides
36
Protein digestion
Pepsinogen: inactive Pepsin secreted by stomach. Activated by presence of Acid Pepsin digests 10 of dietary proteins. Secreted by stomach cells
37
Small intestine protein digestion
5 enzymes Trypsinogen activated by brush border enzyme Enterokinase which converts it to trypsin activates other 4 enzymes: Chymotrypsin, elastase, Carboxypeptidase-a, Carboxypeptidase
38
Final phase in small intestine protein digestion
Brush border enzymes aminopeptidases & carboxypeptidases which generate products ready for absorbtion.
39
Proteins can be absorbed as
Monomers, di & tripeptides however to be transported across the basal membrane the proteins must be broken down to single amino acids. So once inside the cell the di & tri peptides are further digested by proteases in lysosomes
40
Mouth & stomach has which lipases?
lingual & gastric
41
Triglycerols are made of
Glycerols & fatty acids | Fatty acids are chains of carbons which bonds to the glycerols through a dehydration synthesis reaction
42
Saturated
No double bonds Every carbon is a single bond. 1 carbon to every 2 H atoms in the chain & 3 to the last C Vegetable oils, liquid
43
Unsaturated
``` 1 or more double bonds 1 double bond= mono unsaturated fats 2 or more double bonds= poly unsaturated fats cis or trans double bonds Meat, Solid at room temp ```
44
Trans fats
hydrogenated saturated fats | Coronary heart disease
45
bile
Released by liver & gall bladder into small intestine | Emulsifer
46
Emulcified fat cells
Micelles are lipophilic and transported by diffusion across the membrane. Intracellularly proteins transport it to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum where fats are put into chylomicrons exocytosed into the lymphatic system
47
Chylomicrons
Blood, epithilial cells & enterocytes | Epithilial cells-->Lymph vessles
48
VCDL's
Liver--Tissues
49
trans fats
start notes here
50
Cheif Cells
Secrete Pepsinogen, inactive form of protease pepsin into stomach lumen Activated into pepsin by Acid Thus stimulus that increases acid production also increases pepsinogen secretion
51
Mucus Secreting cells
Secrete Mucus Protection from acidic environment of stomach Ulcer protection
52
Enterochromaffin-like cells
Release histamine into the stomach for stimulating acid production
53
G-Cell
Produce hormone: Gastrine which circulates in blood with receptors Gastrine is released in response to stomach distension, ACH, pH changes Gastrine stimulates the production of acid & secretion of pepsinogen
54
Parietal Cell
Secrete acid & intrinsic factor into the stomach lumen. | Intrinsic factor helps B-12 absorption later in the small intestine which then produces red blood cells
55
S-cell
Releases Secretin in response to stomach acid Secretin will bind to pancreas which releases bicarbonate: HCO3 to buffer the acidic pH in the stomach Secretin also interacts with the G-cell reducing the secretion of gastrin, thus slowing the rate of acid production.
56
I-cell
Releases a hormone into the blood stream called CCK Cholecystokinin. CCK releases is regulated by acid as well as lipids CCK interacts with pancreatic cells inducing the release of digestive enzymes CCK will interact with cells of the gall bladder & induce contraction of the gall bladder, thus releasing bile into the small intestine CCK will interactat with the pyloric sphincter causing the sphincter to contract, resulting in a reduced gastric emptying CCK helps the brain feel full

Bio 265 test 3 (2 decks)

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