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Bio 265 test 3 > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

0
Q

Micturition

A

The habit of urination.

When the bladder neck relaxes & external urinary urinary sphincter & bladder contracts

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1
Q

What is the urethral orifice?

A

The very last of the urinary system. Going backwards s leads to the urinary bladder

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3
Q

Urethral orifice, at the bottom of the bladder

A

The final canal for fluid before exiting. Shorter in females than males.
Females are more prone to developing bacterial infections of the bladder. (Urinary tract infections)

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4
Q

The opening to the urethral orifice is sealed by the…

A

Internal urinary sphincter. A reflexively controlled muscle

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5
Q

Near the bottom of the bladder are 2 Ureteral orifices, each are associated with a hollow tube called a ureter that leads to?

A

The urethra passes through the bladder. 2 Ureteral orifices each have a hollow tube which go to the 2 kidneys

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6
Q

What kind of cells is the ureter made from?

A

Transitional epithelium, smooth muscle & pain fibers

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7
Q

What structure enters the kidney/
point of entry?
extensions?

A

Renal Pelvis which will branch into 5-6 different extensions called Calyces. The point of entry into the kidney is the Hilium

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8
Q

Calyces

A

Urine is dumped into the Calyces from the collecting ducts in the medulla

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9
Q

Hilum point of entry

A

Point of entry into kidney for the:
Renal Pelvis (Urethra)
Renal Artery
Nerves

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10
Q

The Nephron includes which structures?

A 
The functional unit of the kidney includes:
Afferent & Efferent arteriole
Bowmans Capsule
Glomerulus
Proximal Tubule
Loop of Henle Descending & Ascending
Distal Tubule
Collecting Duct
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11
Q

Connective tissue for protection & stability

A

Fibrous Capsule surrounds the entire kidney structure.
Cortex: superficial layer
Medulla: inner layer

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12
Q

Renal Corpuscle includes which 2 structures?

A

Bowman’s capsule

Glomerular capillaries

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13
Q

Bowmans capsule

A

1st step to filtration. Inside it is the glomerulus. The glomerular capillaries contain blood that entered from the renal artery which branched into smaller arteries & into the afferent arteriole.

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14
Q

Filtration is determined by?

A

Pressure
Size
Charge
Substances that fit: water, glucose, salt, amino acids, small proteins, metabolites & urea
DO NOT FIT: med-Lg proteins, red & white blood cells & platelets

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15
Q

In order for substances to pass from the glomerulus through to Bowman’s capsule and the rest of the nephron they must be able to cross the filtration barrier.
What structures make up this barrier?

A
  • Fenestrated Endothelium of the glomerulus
  • Basement Membrane
  • Filtration slits of the Podocytes
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16
Q

Fenestrated Endothelium

A

1st filtration barrier Contains 2 barriers: fenestrations smaller than blood
Negatively charged glycoproteins hindering anionic proteins

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17
Q

Basement Membrane

A

2nd filtration barrier. Found in association with epithelial cells. Serves as a porous matrix of anchored negatively charged proteins that act as a barrier to negatively charged proteins found in blood.
Small ions such as Cl-, HCO3- are freely filtered though

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18
Q

Podocytes

A

Encircle the capillaries of the glomerulus. These processes form gaps called filtration slits that serve as the final filter

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19
Q

Mesangial cells

A

Surround the glomerular capillaries & provide structural support & may filter
Phagocytic & may serve important immune type functions

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20
Q

Efferent arterioles

A

Form another capillary bed called the peritubular capillaries which surround the tubular components of the nephron

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21
Q

To maintain GFR the kidneys can do what to the arterioles?

A

when pressure is low:
Constrict the efferent arteriole to increase pressure or
Dilated afferent arteriole to allow more blood into the glomerulus.
For High pressure:
Afferent arteriole constrict, reducing blood flow, or efferent arteriole could dilate.
these mechanisms of constriction & dilation is called Autoregulation

22
Q

Regulation of GFR

A

If NaCl concentration of filtrate increases, cells in the nephron tubule (Macula Densa) will release paracrine signals= afferent arterioles to constrict= decrease GFR & NaCl.

23
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

The Macula Densa & Afferent Arteriole to constrict & dilate to regulate the concentration of NaCl

24
Q

Tubule compartments of the nephron include:

A

loop of Henle
Distal Tubule
Collecting Duct
These selectively reabsorb tubule fluid back into the blood

25
Renal Clearance formula & meaning of each variable
``` CX=(Ux*V)/Px CX=Clearance Ux= concentration in urine V= Urine flow rate Px= Plasma concentration ```
26
How much of plasma crosses over & becomes filtrate?
GFR is the amount of plasma that enters the bowman's capsule 20% crosses over & be3comes filtrate
27
For the clearance value to equal the GFR the substance must meet this criteria
Small & non charged Must not be reabsorbed, secreted, degraded or produced by the nephron. To find out the filtration rate the amount filtered must match the found in urine Most are reabsorbed Creatinine meets this criteria
28
The health of the kidney is determined by the clearance value. What if clearance is way below? What if clearance is way over
if clearance is way over/above=substance was secreted | If clearance is under=substance was reabsorbed
29
Talk about the descending limb vs Ascending limb
Descending limb- Nephron cells contain proteins that form channels called Aquaporins to allow for H2O to flow through the cell OUT, into the medullary interstitium= more concentrated Ascending limb has pumps that move NaCl OUT into the medullary interstitium but are impermeable to H2O= more dilute in the nephron
30
Describe how the capillary network from the cortex to the medulla picks up solutes & water
Blood becomes more & more concentrated as it picks up ions. As the blood follows the loops of Henle & moves back toward the cortex, the excess ions attract H20. The end result is that the blood picks up the excess ions on the descent down & excess H20 on the ascent up, resulting in the reabsorption of these substances back into the blood.
31
The final part of the kidney
The collecting duct starts in the cortex & descends through the salty medulla to finally dump its contents in the calyces of the kidney. Aquaporins become activated & open during dehydration & follow the salty gradient out of the tubule.
32
How does ADH get formed?
``` Renin from kidney Angiotensinogen I ACE -> Angiotensinogen II Aldosterone & ADH are formed Increases blood pressure ```
33
ADH (Vasopressin)
Comes from pituitary Retention of H20 Alcohol inhibits ADH so pee more
34
2 things increase renin release
Decreased blood pressure | Decreased filtrate concentration of Na+
35
3 Things increase aldosterone release
Angiotensin II Decreased blood Na+ levels Increased blood K+ levels
36
Osmoreceptors
located in the hypothalamus & sensitive to changes in blood ion concentrations. As cells lose water they shrink= action potentials which cause a release of vasopressin
37
Baroreceptors
respond to stretch which elicit action potentials in neurons that synapse onto hypothalamic neurons. Decreased pressure= sympathetic activity resulting in the stimulation of vasopressin secretion
38
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Promotes retention of Na+ & thus indirect retention of H20 Begins by the release of renin by afferent arteriole in response to decrease to GFR or decrease in blood pressure (baroreceptors)
39
Angtiotensin II has 4 effects
- Inducing the release of aldosterone from the adrenal gland - Preferential constriction of the efferent arteriole - Systemic vasoconstriction - Induction the release of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary gland * All enhance Na+ reabsorption & H20 retention
40
H2CO3
Carbonic Acid | Weak
41
HC03
Bicarbonate ion | Conjugate base
42
Bicarbonate system
most important blood buffer system
43
Phosphate buffer system
plays an important role in the urine, along with the ammonia/ammonium ion buffer system
44
Kidenys
most powerful defense against changes in pH is the urinary system by excreting or absorbing bicarbonate ions & H ions or through the production of new bicarbonate ions Kidneys reabsorb all of the bicarbonate that is filtered each day
45
Acidosis is caused by
hyperkalemia
46
Alkalosis can result in
Hypokalemia
47
Respiratory Acidosis
PCO2 greater than 40 | Causes: dmg to respiratory centers of the brain or, more commonly, COPD
48
Respiratory Alkalosis
PC02 less than 40 | Causes: Hyperventilation with heightened anxiety; overventailation of a patent who is on a ventilator
49
Metabolic Acidosis
HCO3- less than 24 Causes: renal failure, excessive diarrhea, ingestion of acids not normally found in foods such as aspirin or methanol, or by excessive production of ketoacids (diabetic ketoacidosis) or lactic acid (circulatory shock)
50
Metabolic Alkalosis
HCO3 greater than 24 | Causes: vomiting, ingestion of alkaline drugs (Na bicarbonate), diuretics, or excessive aldosterone
51
Write the typical buffer system
H2CO3 H+ +HCO3- Carbonic Acid (Weak) H ion + Bicarbonate Ion (Conjugate base) More or less H+ Buffers resist change (NOT Prevent)

Bio 265 test 3 (2 decks)

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