Module 8 Flashcards
Cellular ATP and Protein Synthesis
what is the relative speed of cytoplasm
very fast
what is the relative speed of mitochondria
slower
what is the substrates of cytoplasm
glucose
what is the substrates of mitochondria
pyruvate
what is the number of ATP formed in the cytoplasm
2
what is the number of ATP formed in the mitochondria
32-34 ATP (flexible)
what is the by-product of glucose decomposition and ATP synthesis in cytoplasm
pyruvate
what is the by-product of glucose decomposition and ATP synthesis in mitochondria
CO2 and H2O
what site is aerobic
mitochondria
what cite is anaerobic
cytoplasm
what is pyruvate
by product of glycolysis
what is pyruvate’s fate
moved into the mitochondria and it continue to break it down
how many pyruvates are produced by glycolysis of 1 glucose molecule
2
what is lactate
breakdown of glycolysis turn pyruvate into lactate
why is lactate produced
maintain glycolysis by turning it into lactate
why is lactate associated with metabolic acidosis
when ATP use exceeds TCA which usually uses the H+ to diffuse superoxide
what is the process of producing ATP anaerobically called
glycolysis
what is the process of producing ATP aerobically called
oxidative phosphorylation
what are the two steps of Aerobic ATP production called
1: (Krebs cycle), finish decomposing pyruvate, produces carbon dioxide
2: (Electron transport train), strip electrons from HADH and FADH2, produces water and ATP is made
what step is O2 used in
step 2 (electron transport train)
what by-product of aerobic metabolism of O2 produce
Makes H2O from O2 and H
what are the main cellular structures associated with protein synthesis
Nucleus: DNA and RNA
process: transcription
Ribosomes: mRNA and tRNA
process: translation
what are the two types of ribosomes
Free and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
what are the different types of ribosomes
mRNA: code for proteins amino acids
rRNA: structural part of ribosomes
tRNA: delivers amino acids to ribosomes
What are the different types of proteins made from each ribosome type?
Free: cytoskeleton, glycolytic enzyme
RER: membrane channels, receptors, molecules stored and released from vesicles
what is the function of the Golgi apparatus
where RER proteins are modified and packaged and ‘shipped’ to destination
define transcription
mRNA ‘copy’ of DNA ‘code’ made in the nucleus
define translation
translate code to a new protein in the ribosome
where does transcription take place
nucleus
what is the product of translation
mRNA
where does translation take place
outside of the nucleus-ribosomes
what is the product of translation
primary sequence of protein
define GENE
segments within DNA strands containing the code for 1 protein
define triplet
a set of three DNA base
CCT-CGA-TCA
define codon
a set of three complementary mRNA bases
define anticodon
a set of three tRNA bases
what are the two types of genetic mutations
substitution and deletion/insertion
what are the consequences to the proteins substitution code for
substituting one base for another-may or may not have damaging consequence on protein ( like misspelling a word with one letter wrong-we still know the word)
what are the consequences to the proteins deletion/insertion code for
when a base is deleted or added, it changes the base sequence from that triplet onward- and usually a fatal mutation
