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A&P: Exam 2 > Module 8 > Flashcards

Module 8 Flashcards

Cellular ATP and Protein Synthesis

1
Q

what is the relative speed of cytoplasm

A

very fast

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2
Q

what is the relative speed of mitochondria

A

slower

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3
Q

what is the substrates of cytoplasm

A

glucose

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4
Q

what is the substrates of mitochondria

A

pyruvate

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5
Q

what is the number of ATP formed in the cytoplasm

A

2

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6
Q

what is the number of ATP formed in the mitochondria

A

32-34 ATP (flexible)

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7
Q

what is the by-product of glucose decomposition and ATP synthesis in cytoplasm

A

pyruvate

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8
Q

what is the by-product of glucose decomposition and ATP synthesis in mitochondria

A

CO2 and H2O

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9
Q

what site is aerobic

A

mitochondria

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10
Q

what cite is anaerobic

A

cytoplasm

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11
Q

what is pyruvate

A

by product of glycolysis

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12
Q

what is pyruvate’s fate

A

moved into the mitochondria and it continue to break it down

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13
Q

how many pyruvates are produced by glycolysis of 1 glucose molecule

A

2

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14
Q

what is lactate

A

breakdown of glycolysis turn pyruvate into lactate

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15
Q

why is lactate produced

A

maintain glycolysis by turning it into lactate

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16
Q

why is lactate associated with metabolic acidosis

A

when ATP use exceeds TCA which usually uses the H+ to diffuse superoxide

17
Q

what is the process of producing ATP anaerobically called

A

glycolysis

18
Q

what is the process of producing ATP aerobically called

A

oxidative phosphorylation

19
Q

what are the two steps of Aerobic ATP production called

A

1: (Krebs cycle), finish decomposing pyruvate, produces carbon dioxide
2: (Electron transport train), strip electrons from HADH and FADH2, produces water and ATP is made

20
Q

what step is O2 used in

A

step 2 (electron transport train)

21
Q

what by-product of aerobic metabolism of O2 produce

A

Makes H2O from O2 and H

22
Q

what are the main cellular structures associated with protein synthesis

A

Nucleus: DNA and RNA
process: transcription
Ribosomes: mRNA and tRNA
process: translation

23
Q

what are the two types of ribosomes

A

Free and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

24
Q

what are the different types of ribosomes

A

mRNA: code for proteins amino acids
rRNA: structural part of ribosomes
tRNA: delivers amino acids to ribosomes

25
Q

What are the different types of proteins made from each ribosome type?

A

Free: cytoskeleton, glycolytic enzyme
RER: membrane channels, receptors, molecules stored and released from vesicles

26
Q

what is the function of the Golgi apparatus

A

where RER proteins are modified and packaged and ‘shipped’ to destination

27
Q

define transcription

A

mRNA ‘copy’ of DNA ‘code’ made in the nucleus

28
Q

define translation

A

translate code to a new protein in the ribosome

29
Q

where does transcription take place

A

nucleus

30
Q

what is the product of translation

A

mRNA

31
Q

where does translation take place

A

outside of the nucleus-ribosomes

32
Q

what is the product of translation

A

primary sequence of protein

33
Q

define GENE

A

segments within DNA strands containing the code for 1 protein

34
Q

define triplet

A

a set of three DNA base
CCT-CGA-TCA

35
Q

define codon

A

a set of three complementary mRNA bases

36
Q

define anticodon

A

a set of three tRNA bases

37
Q

what are the two types of genetic mutations

A

substitution and deletion/insertion

38
Q

what are the consequences to the proteins substitution code for

A

substituting one base for another-may or may not have damaging consequence on protein ( like misspelling a word with one letter wrong-we still know the word)

39
Q

what are the consequences to the proteins deletion/insertion code for

A

when a base is deleted or added, it changes the base sequence from that triplet onward- and usually a fatal mutation

A&P: Exam 2 (2 decks)

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