Module 8 Flashcards
Any drug formulation is composed of
two components or aspects:
API or Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients and Excipients
The actual ________, is
the central ingredient.
API or Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
The ________ is the inactive ingredient.
excipient
Any substance (or mixture of substances) intended to be used in the manufacture of a drug and that, when used in the production of a drug, becomes an ____ of the drug product.
active ingredient
An active ingredient is any drug component that provides
_______ activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of _______, or to affect the _____ or any function of the body of man and animals.
pharmacological; disease; structure
Organizing drugs based on their therapeutic usefulness in
treating particular diseases.
Therapeutic Classification
Therapeutic Classification is a type of categorization of drugs is from a __ and categorizes them by the pathology they are
used to treat.
medical perspective
Drugs taken to relieve pain.
Analgesics
There are two main types of analgesics: ______ analgesics for mild pain, and _______
analgesics for severe pain.
non-narcotic; narcotic
Drugs used to reduce
inflammation - the redness, heat, swelling, and increased
blood flow found in infections and in many chronic
noninfective diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and gout.
Anti-Inflammatories
Drugs that reduce fever.
Antipyretics
Drugs used to treat “general” infections.
Antibacterials
Drugs made from naturally occurring and synthetic substances that specifically combat bacterial infections.
Antibiotics
Some antibiotics are effective only against limited types of bacteria. Others, known as _______, are effective against a wide range of bacteria.
broad spectrum antibiotics
Drugs used to treat fungal infections, the most common of which affect the hair, skin, nails, or mucous membranes.
Antifungals
Drugs used to treat viral infections or to provide temporary protection against infections such as influenza.
Antivirals
An antibiotic will not be therapeutically useful if the illness is caused by a ____ infection.
viral
Drugs that prevent or reduce the body’s normal reaction to
invasion by disease or by foreign tissues. These drugs are used to treat autoimmune diseases and to help prevent rejection of organ transplants.
Immunosuppressives
Hormonal preparations used primarily as anti-inflammatories in arthritis
or asthma or as immunosuppressives. Also useful for treating some malignancies or
compensating for a deficiency of natural hormones in disorders such as Addison’s disease.
Corticosteroids
Chemicals essential in small quantities for good health. Some vitamins are not
manufactured by the body, but adequate quantities are present in a normal diet. People whose
diets are inadequate or who have digestive tract or liver disorders may need to take
supplementary vitamins.
Vitamins
Drugs that relieve indigestion and heartburn by neutralizing stomach acid.
Antacids
Drugs used primarily to counteract the effects of histamine, one of
the chemicals involved in allergic reactions.
Antihistamines
Drugs that lower blood pressure.
Antihypertensives
The types of _______ currently marketed include diuretics, beta-blockers, calcium channel blocker, ACE
(angiotensin- converting enzyme) inhibitors, centrally acting antihypertensives and sympatholytics.
antihypertensives
Pharmacologic class is a group of active moieties that share
scientifically documented properties and is defined based on: (3)
- Drug Action
- Chemical Structure
- Molecular Targets
This pharmacologic classification is based on which biochemical process the drug targets in the body. _________ is more specified according to how it generates a response.
Drug action
Drug action classification: Lots of medicines treat hypertension, but each type of drug has different drug actions. All that matters is that
hypertension medicines reduce blood pressure even if through _______.
different pathways
Based on drug action: Antihistamines are taken to stop the production of histamines so that allergies can be controlled. It does not
matter _________ antihistamine drug you take; ultimately, they target and reduce the production of histamine in your
body.
which
Pharmacologic Classification based on Chemical Structure: Generally, drugs that have the same drug action
and pharmacological effect have a basic ______ and a minute variation in the ______.
skeletal structure; branching
Classification: Drugs target the macromolecules inside
the body to generate a biological response. Such macromolecules are called
________.
target molecules or drug targets
The drug targets can be carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, nucleic acids or any other such _________.
biomolecule
Drugs that have the same mechanism of action will have the same ________.
target
The drugs with similar structures have similar reactions with such ________.
biomolecules
Drugs that block receptors in arteries and smooth muscle. This action relaxes the
blood vessels and leads to an increase in blood flow and a lower pressure for the control of hypertension.
Alpha Blockers
Drugs for the treatment of ulcers and acid reflux disease that inhibit the enzyme system that produces stomach acid.
Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
PPIs don’t stop the production
of all _________.
stomach acid
If you were to take a PPI daily
for about five days, the drugs
would reduce only about ____
of your stomach acid.
65%
Drugs that inhibit a liver enzyme involved
in the synthesis of cholesterol, thus reducing cholesterol levels and the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Hydroxymethylglutaryl
Coenzyme A Reductase
Inhibitors (HMG CoA RIs)
Therapeutic classification with focus on cardiovascular function
Influence blood clotting: anticoagulant
Lower blood cholesterol: antiperlipidemic
Lower blood pressure: antihypertensive
Restore normal cardiac rhythm: antidysrhythmic
Treat angina: antianginal
Pharmacologic classification with focus on therapeutic application (pharmacotherapy for hypertension)
Lowers plasma volume - Diuretic
Blocks heart calcium channels - calcium channel blocker
Blocks hormonal activity - angiotension-converting enzyme inhibitor
Blocks physiological reactions to stress - adrenegic antagonist
Dilates peripheral blood vessels - vasodilator
The _____ classification system is a standardized system for classifying drugs and other medical substances.
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC)
The ATC system is maintained by the ______ and is
used globally for drug classification and coding purposes.
World Health Organization (WHO)
