module 8

Question 1

Sense data subject to active interpretation

Answer 1

Constructivism

Question 2

Prior knowledge guides our perception of the world

Answer 2

Unconscious inference

Question 3

The tendency to see familiar objects as having standard shape, size and colour regardless of changes in the angle of perspective

Answer 3

Constancy effects

Question 4

Describes the influence of environmental factors on one’s perception of a stimulus

Answer 4

Context effects

Question 5

Presenting a stimulus within an organized context relative to its presentation in a disarranged one

Answer 5

Configural-superiority effects

Question 6

Images that have the possibility of being perceived in two different ways

Answer 6

Bistable Figures

Question 7

Perceptions that occur in the absence of sensory input

Answer 7

Phantom Percepts

Question 8

A condition in which patients experience sensations, whether painful or otherwise, in a limb that does not exist

Answer 8

Phantom Limb

Question 9

Visual hallucinations caused by the brain’s adjustment to significant vision loss

Answer 9

Charles Bonnet Syndrome

Question 10

Allows us to consciously perceive a part of what we unconsciously sense

Answer 10

Selective attention

Question 11

Attention that is focused on internal cognitive processes (e.g., thoughts and feelings)

Answer 11

Endogenous attention

Question 12

Attention that is focused on the external environment (e.g., sights and sounds)

Answer 12

Exogenous Attention

Question 13

A shift in visual attention that involves a shift in gaze

Answer 13

Overt Attention

Question 14

A shift in visual attention without shifting gaze

Answer 14

Covert Attention

Question 15

Tendency to overhear your name in a noisy environment, despite lack of attention

Answer 15

Cocktail Party Effect

Question 16

What is Change Blindness?

Answer 16

A perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it. For example, observers often fail to notice major differences introduced into an image while it flickers off and on again

Question 17

The ventral visual pathway is responsible for attending to ___________

Answer 17

object features

Question 18

The dorsal visual pathway is responsible for attending to __________

Answer 18

object location

Question 19

Difficulty attending to more than one object at a time, alternating between single percepts of each item, instead of perceiving them all together

Answer 19

Visual Simultanagnosia

A patient presented with two pencils, but can only perceive one

Question 20

Patient ignores one half of visual space

Answer 20

Unilateral Neglect

Question 21

The three Principles of Sensorimotor Function

Answer 21

1. organized hierarchically
2. motor output is guided by sensory input
3. initially, actions are under conscious control, but with practice they become sequences of action

Question 22

Low stimulation of inferior posterior parietal cortex, patients feel ____________

Answer 22

like they want to do an action

Question 23

High stimulation of inferior posterior parietal cortex, patients feel ____________

Answer 23

like they are doing an action

Question 24

Inability to perform movements on command

Answer 24

Apraxia

Question 25

A brain cell that reacts both when a particular action is performed and when it is only observed.

Answer 25

Mirror neurons

Question 26

Body is disproportionately represented in the ___________ of the primary motor cortex

Answer 26

Somatotopically organized

Question 27

Inability to identify objects by touch

Answer 27

Contralateral astereognosia

Question 28

Only 10% of brain’s mass, but contains over half of its neurons

Answer 28

The Cerebellum

Question 29

Examples of damage to the Cerebellum

Answer 29

Loss of precise movement control, maintaining posture and balance

Question 30

Has numerous reciprocal connections with cortex and cerebellum

Answer 30

The Basal Ganglia

Question 31

Descends contralaterally in spinal cord

Answer 31

Dorsolateral pathway

Question 32

Descends ipsilaterally or bilaterally in spinal cord

Answer 32

Ventromedial pathway

Question 33

Controls individual and reaching motor movements

Answer 33

Dorsolateral pathway

Question 34

Controls whole-body movements and posture

Answer 34

Ventromedial pathway

Question 35

Single motor neuron and all of the individual skeletal muscle fibers it innervate

Answer 35

Motor Unit

Question 36

All of the motor neurons that innervate a muscle

Answer 36

Motor pool

Question 37

Where neuron meets muscle fibre

Answer 37

Neuromuscular junctions

Question 38

Receptive area on muscle fibre at neuromuscular junction

Answer 38

Motor end-plate

Question 39

produce the same movement

Answer 39

Synergistic muscle

Question 39

increases muscle tension without movement

Answer 39

Isometric contraction

Question 40

Adjusts muscle tension in response to external forces

Answer 40

The Stretch Reflex

Question 41

An automatic withdrawal of an extremity from a painful stimulus

Answer 41

Withdrawal Reflex

Question 42

What is an example of a complex sensorimotor reflex? Why?

Answer 42

Walking

Draws upon, visual, somatosensory and vestibular info

Question 43

The same task can be completed using different muscles or the same muscles in different ways

Answer 43

Motor equivalence

Question 44

Behavioural sequences an animal follows to completion when triggered by a defined stimulus

Answer 44

Fixed Action Patterns

Question 45

Practice combines programs into programs of responses

Answer 45

Response-chunking hypothesis

Question 46

After a motor skill is acquired, it can be disrupted by __________

Answer 46

consciously thinking about it