Module 8 Flashcards
Branch of mathematics dealing with the collection analysis, presentation, interpretation and conclusion of data
Statistics
A branch of statistics where statistical techniques are used on biomedical data to reach a conclusion
Biostatistics
An important step to communicate our information and findings to the audience and readers in an effective way
Data presentation
A collection of facts, such as values or measurements
Data
Two types of data
Constant
Variables
A situation or value that does not change
Constant
Five types of variables
Independent variables
Dependent variables
Moderator variables
Controlled variables
Intervening variables
Affects the value of another variables
Independent variables
May change due to change in the value of another variables
Dependent variables
Variables that affects the cause and effect relationship between the these two
Moderator variables
Variables that affects the cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and the dependent, is eliminated
Controlled variables
Variables that affects the cause-and-effect relationship between the independent and the dependent variables but either cannot be measured clearly or is to be ignored during research
Intervening variables
Four types of variables
Nominal
Ordinal
Discrete
Continuous
Variables for qualitative data
Nominal and Ordinal
Variables For quantitative data
Discrete and continuous
The data that show some quantity through numerical value
Quantitative variable
Quantitative data also called
Metric data
Values cannot be expressed or presented in the form of decimal
Discrete variable
Values and can be quantified and presented in decimals
Continuous variable
Process of gathering and measuring information
Data collection
One of the most important stages in conducting a research
Data collection
Two types of data collection
Primary data
Secondary data collection
Some sources of primary data
Experiment
Survey
Questionnaire
Interview
Artificial or natural setting in which to perform logical study to collect data
Experiment
Most commonly ised methods in social sciences
Can ve conducted in different methods
Survey
Most commonly used methods in survey
Questionnaire
A list of questions either open ended or close ended for which the respondents give answer
Questionnaires
Face to face conversation with the respondents
Interview
Data that is collected by investigators from research paper that are already published online
Secondary data collection
It is numerical in nature and can be mathematically computed
Quantitative data
Quantitative data measure uses different scales which can be classified as
Nominal scale
Ordinal scale
Interval scale
Ratio scale
Methods rely on a random sampling and structured data collection instruments
Quantitative data collection
Two main quantitative data collection
Survey
One on one interview
Conducted using paper-based methods and have gradually evolved into online mediums.
Survey
Types of obsevational research
Longitudinal studies
Cross-sectional studies
The market research conduct surveys from a specific time period to another
Longitudinal studies
The market research conduct surveys at a particular time period across the target sample
Cross-sectional studies
Cross - sectional studies also known as
Cross-sectional survey
Quantitative data collection method was also traditionally conducted face to face but has shifted to telephonic and online
One on one interviews
Three major sections of online interview
Face to face interview
Online or telephonic interview
Computer assissted personal interview
Systematic procedure of gathering observation or measurements
Data collection procedure
Exploratory in nature and are mainly concerned with gaining insights
Unable to expressed human feelings and emotions
Qualitative data collection
Most common methods used for Qualitative data collection
Individual interview
Focus group
Observation
Interviews can be:
Unstructured
Semi-structured
Structured
Sometimes also called focused interview
Semi structured
Can be referred to as “depth” or “in depth” interview
Unstructured
A tightly sttuctured schedule is used
Structured
Sometimes used when its better to obtain informationform a grouo rather than individuals
Focus groups
Involves may take place in natural setting and involves the researcher taking lenghtly and descriptives notes of what is happening
Observation
Obtain more reliable information about certain things
Observation
Can also serve as a technique for verifying of nullifying information provided in face to face encounters
Observation
Techniques for collecting data through observation
Written description
Video recording
Photographs and artifacts
Any kinds of documentation may be used to provide information like a local paper, information on a notice board etc
Documentation
Include recordable spoken or written words and observable body language, action and interaction.
Direct data
Generated in the first instance by someone or something else
Indirect data
