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Bio 121 Exam > Module 8 > Flashcards

Module 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Symbiosis

A

Sym = with biosis = to live

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2
Q

3 symbiotic relationships

A
  1. Commensalism
  2. Mutualism
  3. Parasitism
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3
Q

Commensalism

A

One benefits, other unaffected

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4
Q

Mutualism

A

Both benefit

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5
Q

Parasitism

A

One benefits one harmed

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6
Q

Commensalism example

A
  • cattle egrets eat stirred up insects

- titan triggerfish moves large rocks for smaller fish

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7
Q

Mutualism examples

A
  • clown fish and anemone: fish food scraps, anemone protected from predators
  • barracuda and Spanish hogfish: mouth debris
  • African croc and Egyptian plover: bird cleans teeth
  • Flowering plants and birds/bees: pollen reward
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8
Q

Defensive mutualism

A

Ex. Acacia (defence) ants (reward): protection for food source

  1. Nectaries: sugar source for adults
  2. Beltian bodies: lipids, sugars, proteins for larval ants
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9
Q

2 kinds of mutualism

A
  1. Obligate mutualism

2. Facultative mutualism

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10
Q

Obligate mutualism

A 
Highly dependent (cannot survive without eachother)
Ex. Termites and flagellated protists in digestive system to digest cellulose
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11
Q

Facultative mutualism

A

Benefit but not totally dependent

Ex. Bees and plants (other species can)

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12
Q

Parasitism

A

*don’t generally kill host
Ex. Ticks: wounds, infection, hair loss,anemia
Ex. Birds and snails (hosts) flatworms (endoparasite) affect optic nerve

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13
Q

2 types parasitism

A
  1. Obligate parasitism

2. Facultative parasitism

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14
Q

Obligate parasitism

A

Parasite needs host to compete life cycle

Ex. Flatworm

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15
Q

Facultative parasitism

A

Does not rely on host

Ex. Naegleria fowleri: bacteria eating microorganism (shapeshifting amoeboflagellate)

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16
Q

Competition

A
  • Contest for resources
  • both harmed, cost to compete
  • **driving force evolution and natural selection
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17
Q

Predation

A

One benefits, one harmed

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18
Q

Herbivory

A

One benefits one harmed

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19
Q

Non-symbiotic relationships

A
  1. Competition
  2. Predation
  3. Herbivory
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20
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Same species

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21
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Different species

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22
Q

Ecological niche

A

Resources and environmental conditions that an organism require over its lifetime

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23
Q

Fundamental niche

A

Range of conditions and resources it COULD tolerate and use

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24
Q

Realized niche

A
  • Range of conditions and resources it ACTUALLY needs in nature
  • (smaller than fundamental niche)
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25
Q

Lotka and Volterra

A

-no 2 species w similar requirements can coexist in same niche without competition driving one to local extinction

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26
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

(Gause’s principle)

Two species competing for limited resources cannot coexist in the same place at the same time

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27
Q

Example competitive exclusion

A

Barnacles

  • BALANUS only lower intertidal area
  • CHTHAMALUS upper intertidal area
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28
Q

2 outcomes of Gause’s competitive exclusion principle

A
  1. One species drives the other to local extinction

2. Natural selection reduces the competition between the species

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29
Q

Robert MacArthur warbler study

A
  • 5 species
  • each feed on different parts of spruce tree
  • evolution: use different parts
  • subdivided niche
  • avoid direct competition
  • RESOURCE PARTITIONING
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30
Q

2 kinds interspecific competition

A
  1. Competitive exclusion

2. Resource partitioning

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31
Q

Competitive exclusion

A

Elimination of one species from habitat by other species with identical resource needs

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32
Q

Resource partitioning

A

Process permits 2 or more species to coexist by partitioning resources
(Differentiate ecological niches)

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33
Q

Predator adaptations

A
  • sense (vision, smell, hear)
  • hunting (stalking, sit-and-wait, group hunting)
  • morphological (teeth, claws, jaws, strength, tongue)
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34
Q

Prey adaptation

A
  • camouflage
  • senses (vision, smell, hearing)
  • behavioural
  • defensive weapons
  • morphological (spines, thorns)
  • chemicals (chemical warfare)
  • speed
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35
Q

Coevolution

A

When evolutionary changes in one species drive evolutionary changes in another species

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36
Q

Convolution example

A
  • orange bellied newt (Taricha granulosa): tetradoxin, Na+ blocker, toxic
  • garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) resistant to newt toxin, loss of speed movement = vulnerable
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37
Q

Community

A

Population of more than one species that live in the same place at the same time

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38
Q

Population

A

A single species, influenced by species interactions w other species and physical/chemical components

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39
Q

2 components of species diversity

A
  1. Species richness

2. Relative abundance

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40
Q

Species richness

A

Total # species

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41
Q

Relative abundance

A

How common/rare a species is relative to other species in the community

42
Q

Universal feature of communities

A

Larger the area the more species will be found until total # species is reached

43
Q

Species area relationship

A

More area usually means more species

44
Q

Equilibrium model of island biogeography

A

MacArthur and Wilson 1967

-# species on an island tends toward equilibrium # determined by balance between immigration and extinction

45
Q

Immigration curve

A

As colonists gill the island, rate of arrival of new species drops ()

46
Q

Extinction curve

A

As colonists fill the island, rate species disappear increases (/) because interspecific competition increases

47
Q

Species equilibrium

A

Where immigration and extinction curves cross

48
Q

2 factors affect species equilibrium

A
  1. Distance

2. Area

49
Q

Distance effect

A

Greater distance rod island decrease # species

50
Q

Area effect

A

Larger island = higher equilibrium

51
Q

Species diversity

A
  • location related to mainland
  • islands have fewer species than mainland
  • islands higher extinction rate
  • size influences diversity
52
Q

“Islands”

A
  • oceanic islands
  • isolated forests
  • lakes
53
Q

Disturbance example

A

Eruption Mount St. Helens 1980

  • erupted may 18th 1980
  • killed 57 people
  • created barren wasteland
54
Q

Disturbance and recovery

A

-diversity changes overtime

55
Q

Primary succession

A

Succession on newly espoused site that lacks soil and vegetation (ex. Volcanic islands)

56
Q

Secondary succession

A

Succession on site that has already supported life but has undergone disturbance (ex. Fire, tornado, hurricane, flood)

Early stages more rapid

57
Q

Lichens

A
  • Often among first colonizers
  • composite organism: fungus, green algae, Cyanobacteria)
  • nutrients from rain and rocks
  • mild acids erode rocks, develop soil for moss
58
Q

Order primary succession

A 
Pioneer species:
-bare rock
-lichens
-small annual plants/lichens 
-grasses and perennials 
Intermediate species:
-grasses, shrubs, shade-intolerant trees (pines)
Climax community:
-shade tolerant trees (oak, hickory)
59
Q

Order secondary succession

A 
Pioneer species: 
-annual plants
-grasses and perennials 
Intermediate species:
-grasses, shrubs, pines, young oak and hickory
Climax community: 
-mature oak and hickory forest
60
Q

Ecosystem

A

Biotic and abiotic communities of an environment

61
Q

Ecosystem ecology

A
  • Study movement of energy and materials through organisms and communities
  • energy moves one direction: producers to consumers, autotrophs to heterotrophs
62
Q

Food chains

A

Simple and linear

63
Q

Food webs

A

Complex and interconnected chains

64
Q

Primary producer

A
  • base
  • autotroph
  • plants, protists, photosynthetic prokaryotes
65
Q

Primary consumer

A

Herbivore

Ex. Caterpillar

66
Q

Secondary consumer

A

Carnivore

Ex. Lizzard

67
Q

Tertiary consumer

A

Secondary carnivore

Ex. Snake

68
Q

Ecosystem primary production

A

Amount of light energy converted to chemical energy (organic compounds) by autotrophs

69
Q

Secondary production

A

Amount of chemical energy in consumers food converted to new biomass during given time period

70
Q

Efficiency energy transfer between trophic levels

A
  • 10%

- loss energy represented by pyramid of net production

71
Q

Detritus (debris)

A

Material and dead remains of animals and waste products

72
Q

Detritivores

A
  • Organisms that get energy from detritus (decomposers/ saprotrophs)
  • carry 80-90% consumption of plant matter
  • 2nd trophic level
73
Q

Higher trophic level =

A

Lower energy available

Most food energy lost as heat

74
Q

Pyramids of biomass

A

Based on biomass at each trophic level

May be inverted depending on ecosystem

75
Q

Pyramid of numbers

A

Based on # organisms at each trophic level in a given ecosystem
(Upright or inverted depending on ecosystem)

76
Q

Pyramid of energy

A

Normally upright

77
Q

Removing top carnivores

A

Reciprocal changes in population of predators and prey in food chain
(Often dramatic ecosystem change)

78
Q

Trophic cascade

A

-removal top carnivores from ecosystem

Conservation predators = maintenance structure

79
Q

3 type ecosystem organisms

A
  1. Dominant species
  2. Keystone species
  3. Invasive species
80
Q

Dominant species

A
  • highly abundant

- control occurrence/distribution other species

81
Q

Keystone species

A
  • pivotal in community dynamics
  • strong STRUCTURAL control
  • engineers (physical changes ex. Beaver dams)
  • facilitators (positive effect survival reproduction other species)
82
Q

Invasive species

A
  • Effect stability and structure
  • better competitors than native species
  • pioneer species, few native species
  • prey on organisms that lack anti-predatory defence
  • REDUCTION species diversity
83
Q

Example keystone species

A
  • starfish (taken over by zebra mussels)
  • sea otter (eat sea urchins which feed on kelp)
  • beavers
84
Q

Invasive species example

A
  • brown tree snake

- zebra mussels

85
Q

Why are invasive species successful?

A
  1. Better competitors
  2. Pioneers species, few predators
  3. Prey on defenceless organisms
  4. No parasites
86
Q

Extinction

A
  • opposite speciation

- species no longer in existence

87
Q

Functional extinction

A
  • Reduced # individuals left
  • population no longer viable
  • low chance reproduction
88
Q

Extinction vortex

A

Downward spiral, cannot naturally recover, caused by inbreeding and genetic drift

89
Q

Extinct

A

Species disappeared/ lost globally

90
Q

Extirpated

A

Species disappeared/ lost locally (regional)

91
Q

Endangered

A

Species facing imminent extirpation or extinction

92
Q

Threatened

A

Species likely to become endangered if nothing is done to reverse factors

93
Q

Special concern

A

Species that may become threatened or endangered due to biological characteristics and threats

94
Q

Not at risk

A

Species not at risk of extinction under current circumstances

95
Q

Canadian mammals

A

1/3 endangered, threatened, special concern

96
Q

Example endangered species

A

Beluga whale

97
Q

Example threatened species

A

swift fox

98
Q

Average estimated extinction rate

A

1-10 species/ 5 years

99
Q

Contemporary (current) extinction rate

A

Increases 1,000-10,000 times

100
Q

Bird extinction rate

A

1-2 per 100 years

-106 since 1800, only should be 2-4

101
Q

Charles Elton

A

Ecological pyramids to show relative amounts of parameters across trophic levels

102
Q

3 Saskatchewan invasive species

A
  • wild boar
  • purple loosestrife
  • Prussian carp

Bio 121 Exam (5 decks)

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