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Biology Year 12 > Module 7 : Infectious disease > Flashcards

Module 7 : Infectious disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Pathogen

A

organism capable of causing disease

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2
Q

Describe Bacteria and provide example

A

Bacteria : Unicellular prokaryotic with cell walls. No nucleus. For example Tetanus

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3
Q

Describe Virus and provide example

A

Virus : Non-cellular, A protein outer case protecting internal Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA). For example HIV

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4
Q

Describe Fungi and provide example

A

Fungi : Eukaryotic, Uni or Multi-Cellular, Heterotrophic organisms with cell walls. For example Ringworm

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5
Q

Describe Prion and provide example

A

Prion : Non-cellular, No cells, A protein. For example Mad cow disease.

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6
Q

Describe Protozoa and provide example

A

Protozoa : Eukaryotic, Unicellular, no cell walls – got structures to aid mobility. For example Malaria

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7
Q

Describe Macro-Parasite and provide example

A

Macro-Parasite : Eukaryotic, multicellular Endo - lives In organism Ecto- Live ON organism
eg tapeworm

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8
Q

Contrast Direct and In direct transmission of disease

A

Direct : physically transferring
Indirect : objects (Fomite) being contaminated

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9
Q

Compare Vehicle and Vector

A

Vehicle : Spread of pathogens by contaminated air food or water
Vector : Involves animals assisting in the transfer of pathogens between individuals

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10
Q

Identify a pathogens adaption to assist invading a host

A

Malaria is caused by a protozoa pathogen known as Plasmodium a unicellular eukaryote.
- making the mosquito have a more aggressive bite and causing to bite multiply times to insure the transmission of the pathogen.

  • goes through several life cycles in which new antigen molecules are produced preventing the host from an effective immune response
  • while in the blood cells - the pathogen produced adhesion proteins which present on the surface of the cell
  • the change in shape aids in the pathogens movement
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11
Q

Identify Koch contributions to understanding pathogens transmission

A

onclusively established that a particular germ could cause a specific disease
allowed the understanding infectious diseases and isolating and identifying disease causing microbes. Through Kochs postulates
1. identify micro-organism
2. isolate the micro-organism
3. inoculated with uninfected organism
4. isolate and grow the micro

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12
Q

Identify Pasteur contributions to understanding pathogens transmission

A

Pasteurs Swan neck experiment disproved the spontaneous generation theory and thus created the germ theory

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13
Q

what is the process Phagocytosis

A

cellular process for ingesting and eliminating particles

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14
Q

how does inflammation contribute to the immune response

A

such as swelling = increase in cells such as phagocytes to move to the area and engulf the foreign particles.
Heating can kill some bacteria

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15
Q

whats a plant response to

A

Myrtle Rust caused by a fungal pathogen. Plants defences include mechanical barriers such as bark and thick cell walls, the production of antimicrobial peptides . And use of essential oils acting as a chemical defence and rapid defences such as close of stomata.

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16
Q

describe innate immunity

A

2 key characteristics
NON-SPECIFIC : do not differentiate between different types of pathogens
NON-ADAPTIVE : same response to every infection.

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17
Q

identify the role of a special type of immune cell

A

dendritic cell - presents the antigens on its surface triggering adaptive immunity by replicating.

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18
Q

describe a pathogen you have studied identifying its disease, symptoms, disease transmission

A

Tetanus
Pathogen- bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani.
Transmission - found in soil, dust, and manure and enter the body through breaks in the skin
Symptoms - muscle spasms, breathing problems, heart problems, fever.

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19
Q

Identify some First line of defence

A

Physical - skin, mucous membrane in digestive, respiratory system
Chemical - saliva, tears, sebum,
Biological barrier - mucus production

20
Q

what is an example of a pathogen and its disease it causes that is associated with a past or current epidemic

A

ebola virus, zaire ebolavirus 2013

21
Q

what are the two immune systems

A

INNATE
ADAPTIVE

22
Q

what are the key components in INNATE immune systek

A
  1. inflammation responce
  2. phagocytosis
  3. lymoh system
23
Q

what 2 things that happen in the inflammation system

A
  1. increase heat leading to the death of the pathogen
  2. mast cells release histamines in damaged tissue increasing the per-mobility of the blood vessels, allowing the phagocytes to leave the blood vessels and move to the damaged tissue
24
Q

what the lymph system in relation to the innate response

A
  • bacteria and other microbes are picked up in the lymphatic fluid and trapped inside the lymph nodes where they are destroyed by phagocytes
25
Q

what are the key components in the adaptive immune system

A

t cells
b cells

26
Q

what are b cells

A

produced by bone marrow are antibody mediated immunity and produce antibodys

27
Q

what are t cells

A

produced by bone marrow, yet mature in the thyme, are cell mediated immunity

28
Q

what do b cells produce

A

Memory b cells

Plasma cells which turn to antibodies

29
Q

how to plasma cells work

A

secrete large quantities of proteins called antibodies that bind with the antigen to form a antigen-antibody complex in which allow macrophages to destroy the angien

30
Q

what are the 4 types of cells t cells produce

A

Killer t cells
Helper t cells
Memory t cells
Suppressor t cells

31
Q

what do killer t cells do

A

kill certain cells, including foreign cells, cancer cells, and cells infected with a virus.

32
Q

what do helper t cells do

A

become activated by antigen presenting cells Helper T cells are arguably the most important cells in adaptive immunity, as they are required for almost all adaptive immune responses.
- help activate B cells to secrete antibodies and macrophages to destroy ingested microbes,
they also help activate cytotoxic T cells to kill infected target cells.

33
Q

what do suppressor t cells do

A

stop the immune response when antigen is destroyed

34
Q

how does the immune system repsond to primary exposure

A

1st exposure - adaptive immunity system learns how to attack and destroy the pathogen (takes 15days to produce enough antibodies
once memory of the pathogen, memory cells stay in the lymph system till 2nd exposure

2nd exposure will result in a rapid response (acquired immunity)
same antigen is encountered by memory b cells it is ingested and expressed via the MHC II, the memories cells the undergo rapid trasnformation into plasma cells

35
Q

what was the environmental methods used to control ebola

A
  • Provision of facilities for barrier nursing and workspaces,
  • water and hygiene controls
  • ## hand hygiene and safe waste management for instance leak-proof bags and covered bins, ventilation control, sterilisation of patient care equipment and linen.
36
Q

what was the\ quarantine methods used to control ebola

A
  • The virus stayed present in testes, eyes and nervous system and It can be shed in breast milk for up to 9 months. Border checkpoints were established with armed guards, to prevent movement of people in and out of the quarantine area

21 days after their last high-risk exposure.

37
Q

what does local do

A

LOCAL
immunisation creates herd immunity
personal hygine

38
Q

how does quarantine control and prevent ID

A
  1. inspection
  2. regulation
  3. restriction of movement
  4. enforced destruction of diseased organisms
39
Q

what does regional do

A

regional
- water supply access to clean water
- sanitation facilities - adequate disposal of facilities

40
Q

what does global do

A
  • communication between countries + global health organisation is essential
  • implementation of quarantine measures
  • monitoring movement
41
Q

assess the effectiveness of pharmaceuticals as treatments

A

ANTIVIRALS
- not able to kill virus only inhibit development
- inhibits virusus movement
- interfere with the virus ability to bind to the cells surface receptors
- effectiveness of drug becomes reduced overtime

ANTIBIOTICS
- - stops the growth or kills bacteria
- interference with cell membrane permeability
- interference with nucleic acid synthesis
- interference with protein synthesis and cell wall synthesis
Antibiotic resistance
- due to natural variation and mutation
- reprodice making it a dominant trait in the pop
- able to pass through genetic information

42
Q

what is the incidence and prevalence in malaria

A
  • 241 million cases of malaria globally in 2020
  • 627 000 malaria deaths
43
Q

historical disease control of malaria

A
  • used herbal remedies
  • blood-letting and limb amputations
  • in 1897, the vector was identified in which caused effective measures to be taken
  • avoidness of a risk areas and use of nets for sleeping
44
Q

effect of the germ theory

A

the development of the germ theory allowed the specific prevention and control measures to be taken

eg the malaria vaccine was produced

45
Q

what is bush medicine

A

tea tree oil
- used to treat wounds and infections

eucalyptus oil
- antimicrobial and antiseptic properties

46
Q

what is smoke bush in Wa

A

Possible source of treatment against HIV.
it is one of four plants that has an active intrident that can kill the virus in low concentrations.

Biology Year 12 (6 decks)

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