Module 6 : Genetic Change

Question 1

Explain how a range of mutagens operate

Answer 1

Electromagnetic radiation sources
Chemicals
Naturally occurring mutagen

Question 2

Examples Electromagnetic radiation sources

Answer 2

• UV light
• Gamma rays
• x-rays

Question 3

how does uv light, gamma rays and x-rays impact the bonds

Answer 3

radiation is highly penetrative force in which the the high energy waves
- disrupts the hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases + bonds between sugar phosphate

Question 4

Examples chemical mutagens

Answer 4

radioactive agents eg uranium

interacting agents eg ethidium biomide

Question 5

what is the impact of point mutation

Answer 5

either silent, missense or nonsensen

major consequence is the expression or alterations in encoded proteins which lead to diseases eg sickle cell disease or expression of phenotypes

Question 6

what is the impact of chromosomal mutation

Answer 6

greater impact than PM, with impact across multiple areas
Changes that affect the structure of chromosomes can cause problems with growth, development, and function of the body’s systems. These changes can affect many genes along the chromosome and disrupt the proteins made from those genes

Question 7

somatic vs germline

Answer 7

somatic
often an error prior to mitosis
when mutated continues to divide, with replicated error passed to each cell
impact - earlier the development the greater impact,
cancer eg skin cancer

germ-line
occurs in the reproductive cells that give rise to gametes and the mutation is then passed on to offspring
source of congital diseases, individual phenotype variations like albinism
diseases eg cystic fibrosis

Question 8

coding vs non-coding

Answer 8

coding
affects the type or sequence of amino acids in a protein
- play a vital role in production of protein that controls the function of number of biological processes
impact
- number of diseases

non-coding
- play a role in regulating gene activity
- a change can result in proteins being expressed in the wrong time or place
= genetic disorders or cancer
-

Question 9

what are three causes of genetic variation relating to F,M, M

Answer 9

fertilisation
miosis (indep assort, crossing over, random seg.)
mutation

Question 10

impact of mutation, gene flow and genetic drift

Answer 10

mutation - leads to the formation of new alleles (if successful lead to higher prevelance)

gene flow - changes in allele frequency die to mixing new individuals in a population
= different allelles find their ways in a population

genetic drift - changes by random chance
- founder effect

Question 11

biotechnology past, present and future

Answer 11

past
- fermentation of wine (bacteria were responsible)
with yeast micro-organism converted the sugar into ethanal and carbondioxide

present
CRISPR technique allowing a highly specific and rapid modification of DNA

Future
treatment of cystic fibrosis - caused by mutation gene
Aqua- advantage salmon

Question 12

ethics and social implications

Answer 12

many issues with altering the path of evolution

eg GE saloms

increase demand of salmon alongside ecological condierations about overfishing

the salmon growths quicker by inserting a growth hormone gene from another salmon species.

• founded safe will no sigincant impacts on the environment
• sales stalled with USA politcal battles.
• activists still campigns against GE salmon with Genetic engineering and selective breeding appear to violate animal rights, because they involve manipulating animals for human ends

Question 13

compare the processes of reproductive technologies

Answer 13

Articial pollination and insemination

Question 14

whole cloning

Answer 14

whole cloning is the creation of a new molecule organism that is genetically identical to its parent organsim

1. somatic cell is removed
2. unfertilised egg is removed from another organsims
3. dna is removed (denucleated)
4. the egg and the stem cell are fused
5. cultured
6. embryo planted

Question 15

effect on whole cloning

Answer 15

• not perfectly identical
• mutations could be passed on from somatic cell
• cost effective
  time consuming

Question 16

gene cloning

Answer 16

molecular cloning - producing multi copies of specific
dna sequence
1. gene is cut from the source organism using restriction enzymes
2. gene is passed into a vector dna or plamsid
3. plasmid containing gene is introduced to a host cell
4. host makes copies of the vector dna

Question 17

effectiveness of gene cloning

Answer 17

relavily fast
harder to produce
bacteria earier to work with then mammals

Question 18

benefits og GT on agri

Answer 18

selective breeding 
afticial pollination 
trangensis 
- creations of crop and livestocm that exhibit faviourable traits eg rise with higher levels of protein
- organsims that are resistant

Question 19

benefits of GT on medical

Answer 19

gene cloning
gene therapy
CRISPR

• treatment can be more efficent and effective

Question 20

benefits of GT on medical

Answer 20

gene cloning
gene therapy
CRISPR

• treatment can be more efficent and effective
• personalised medicine

eg humulin is a human insulin produced for people with diabetes to regulate insulin levels -> produced quickly and more effectively

Question 21

benefits of industry

Answer 21

gene cloning
transgensis
- increased speed of chemical reactions leading to more efficient and industrial processes

eg e.coli are genetically engineered plants and bacteria have potential to absorb heavy metals eg mercury
- aiding in remdiation or mine sites