Module 7: Human Movement Science (Ch. 2-5) Flashcards
1
Q
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues
A
Mechanoreceptors
2
Q
Receptors sensitive to change and rate of change of tension
A
Golgi tendon organs
3
Q
Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and rate of that change
A
Muscle spindles
4
Q
The functional unit of the nervous system
A
Neuron
5
Q
Receptors that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration in the joint
A
Joint receptors
6
Q
The system that acts as the body’s communication network, gathers and interprets, information, and determines all movement
A
Nervous system
7
Q
What are the 3 functions of the nervous system ?
A
Sensory
Intergrative
Motor
8
Q
The ability to sense body position and limb movement relative to adjacent parts of the body and the environment
A
Proprioception
9
Q
What are 4 benefits of training proprioceptive abilities ?
A
Improve balance
Posture
Coordination
Ability to adapt to changing environments
10
Q
What are the 3 main parts of neuron ?
A
Cell body
Axon
Dendrites
11
Q
Transmit nerve impulses from receptors in tissues to the CNS
A
Sensory (afferent) neurons
12
Q
Transmits nerve impulses from the CNS to effector sites in muscles or organs
A
Motor (efferent) neurons
13
Q
Transmits nerve impulses from one neuron to another
A
Interneurons
14
Q
The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord
A
Central nervous system (CNS)
15
Q
Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body
A
Peripheral nervous system
16
Q
Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability and input to the nervous system
A
Ligaments
17
Q
A flattened or indented portion of bone, which can be a muscle attachment site
A
Depression
18
Q
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
A
Axial Skeleton
19
Q
Portion of the skeletal system that includes the bones that connect to the spinal column including the upper and extremities
A
Appendicular skeleton
20
Q
Bone with a cylindrical body (shaft) that are longer than they are wide and enlarge and widen at each end
A
Long bone
21
Q
Cube or box-shaped bones that are nearly as wide as they are long; made out of mostly sponge bone tissue to maximize shock absorption
A
Short bones
22
Q
Thin bones made of two layers of compact bone tissue around a layer of spongy bone tissue
A
Flat bone
23
Q
Bones of unique shape and function that do not fit the characteristics of other categories
A
Irregular bones
24
Q
Small, often round bones embedded in a joint capsule
A
Sesamoid bones
25
The motion of the joints in the body
Arthrokinematics
26
What are 3 types of joint motion ?
Roll, slide and spin
27
What are 6 types of joints related to movement ?
```
Glidding
Condyloid
Hinge
Saddle
Pivot
Ball-and-socket
```
28
Joints held together by a joint capsule and ligament; most associated with movement in the body
Synovial joint
29
Most-mobile joints that allow motion in all three planes
Ball-and socket
30
What does bone do in response to progressive exercise ?
Gets stronger
31
What can prevent bone injuries related to falls ?
Maintaining muscle strength
Coordination
Balance
32
What is the best exercise to help strengthen bone ?
Weight-bearing exercise
33
The functional unit of the muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin
Sacromere
34
What are 7 characteristics of type 1 muscle fibers ?
```
Slow twitch
Smaller in size
Less force production
Slow to fatigue
More capillaries
Increased oxygen delivery
Long term contractions such as stabilization
```
35
What are 7 characteristics of type 2 muscle fibers ?
```
Fast twitch
Larger in size
Short term contractions
Quick to fatigue
More force produced
Fewer Capillaries
Decreased oxygen delivery
```
36
Which 5 muscles comprise the local stabilization system of the core ?
```
Transvers abdominis
Internal Oblique
Lumbar multifidus
pelvic floor muscle
Diaphragm
```
37
The ability of muscle to exert maximal force output in a minimal amount of time
Rate for force production
38
Series of muscles that move the skeleton
Muscular system
39
What are the 3 types of muscle ?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
40
The outermost layer of muscle tissue
Fascia
41
The second layer of muscle tissue, aka "deep fascia"
Epimysium
42
The middle layers of muscle made up of bundles of muscle fibers
Fascicles
43
The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles
Perimysium
44
Connective tissue between muscle fibers
Endomysium
45
Plasma membrane surrounding individual muscle fibers
Sarcolemma
46
Substance in the muslce fiber that contains glycogen, fats, minerals, myoglobin, nuclei, and mitochondria
Sarcoplasm
47
Contains thin and thick myosin filaments that make up muscle fibers
Myofibrils
48
The communication between the nervous and muscular system
Neural activation
49
The interface points between the nervous and muscular system
Motor unit
50
The neurotransmitter chemical used by the neuromuscular system
Acetylcholine
51
The proposed process by which the contraction of the filaments within the sarcomere takes place
Sliding filament theory
52
What occurs between filaments as individual muscle fibers contract to produce force ?
Actin-myosin cross bridging
53
What chemical process occurs between filaments as a sarcomere contracts ?
Excitation-contraction coupling
54
Muscles that perform the opposite action as the prime mover
Antagonist
55
Which muscle is the agonist in hip extension ?
Gluteus maximus
56
Muscles that assist the prime mover
Synergist
57
The muscle that acts as the prime mover and is most responsible for given movement
Agonist
58
Which muscles act as synergists to gluteus maximus during hip extension?
Hamstrings
| Erector spinae
59
Muscles that support the body while the agonists and synergists produce movement
Stabilizers
60
Which muscles serve as stabilizers muscles during hip extension ?
Transverse abdominis
Internal obliques
Multifidus
61
Which muscle is an antagonist to the gluteus maximus during hip extension ?
Psoas
62
System that regulates body function with hormones
Endocrine system
63
Chemicals that trigger muscle contractions, stimulate protein and fat synthesis, activate enzyme system, regulate growth and metabolism, and determine the body responds to stress physically and emotionally
Hormones
64
What are the 3 components of the endocrine system ?
```
Host organs (glands)
Chemical messengers (hormones)
Traget cells (receptors)
```
65
Section of the brain that controls the function of all other endocrine glands
Pituitary gland
66
Gland that releases hormones responsible for metabolism, protein synthesis, heart rate, breathing, and body temperature
Thyroid gland
67
What are 5 symptoms of low thyroid function ?
```
Low metabolism
Fatigue
Depression
Cold sensitivity
Weight gain
```
68
Glands that secrete stress hormones cortisol and epinephrine (adrenaline) responsible for the "fight or flight" response
Adrenal glands
69
Primary link between the nervous system and endocrine system, and helps control feelings of fullness when eating, metabolism, and body temperature
Hypothalamus
70
Organ that controls blood glucose through the release of insulin and glucagon
Pancreas
71
What are 4 effects epinephrine has on the body regards to exercise ?
Increase heart rate and stroke volume
Elevates blood glucose
Redistributes blood to working tissue
Opens up airways
72
Hormone that plays a fundamental role in muscle tissue synthesis
Testosterone
73
Hormone that influence the location of fat deposits
Estrogen
74
Catabolic hormone associated with tissue breakdown
Cortisol
75
What are 4 factors that can raise cortisol to harmful levels ?
Overtraining
Excessive stress
Poor sleep
Inadequate nutrition
76
Primary response for growth until puberty in both men and women; increases fat burning and strengthens the immune system. It is stimulated by release of estrogen or testosterone, deep sleep. or vigorous exercise
Growth hormone
77
A system of the body composed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels
Cardiovascular system
78
A system of the body composed of the lungs and respiratory passageways that collects oxygen from the external environment and transports it to the blood stream
Respiratory system
79
What is the main difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle ?
Cardiac muscle is involuntary and cannot be consciously controlled
80
Referred to as the pacemaker of the heart; responsible for rhythmic contraction of the myocardial cells
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
81
Structure of the heart that delays the contractions impulse before sending it to the ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
82
Receives deoxygenated blood from the body
Right Atrium
83
Sends Deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Right Ventricle
84
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
Left Atrium
85
Sends oxygenated blood to the body
Left Ventricle
86
Smaller, superiorly located chambers that gather blood returning to the heart
Atria
87
Larger, inferiorly located chambers that pump blood out of the heart
Ventricles
88
What separates the chambers of the heart and major arteries and veins & prevents backflow ?
Valves
89
Amount of blood pumped with each contraction
Stroke Volume
90
The rate at which the heart beats
Heart rate (Pulse)
91
What is the average resting heart rate for an untrained adult ?
70-80 BPM
92
Cells suspended in plasma containing glucose, hormones, and clotting agents
Blood
93
What are the 3 types of blood cells ?
White blood cells (immune)
Red blood cells (oxygen)
Platelets (clotting)
94
What are 3 functions of blood ?
1) Transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones and waste products
2) Regulates body temperature, pH, and cellular water content
3) protects against blood loss by clotting, and fights foreign pathogens and toxins
95
Closed circuit of hollow tubes that transports blood to and from the heart
Blood vessels
96
What are 3 types of blood vessels ?
```
Arteries
(Carries blood away from the heart)
Capillaries
(exchange sites of water and chemicals in tissues)
Veins (carries blood back to the heart)
```
97
What is the resting heart rate of an average adult ?
70-80 BPM
98
The airway, lungs, and respiratory muscle that work together to move oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out
Respiratory (pulmonary) system
99
What are the 2 Phases of breathing ?
Inspiration (in) and expiration (out)
100
Active contraction of muscles to increase thoracic cavity volume; thus, decreasing interpulmonary pressure and drawing air into the lungs
Inspiratory ventilation
101
Active or passive contraction of muscles, causing inspiratory muscles to relax and air to move out of the body
Expiratory ventilation
102
What are the primary respiratory muscles used during light breathing ?
Diaphragm, external intercostals
103
What are the secondary respiratory muscles used for heavy breathing ?
Scalenes, pectoralis minor
104
Location where gasses such as oxygen and carbon dioxide travel in and out of the blood stream
Alveoli
105
What is the typical resting oxygen consumption for healthy adults - aka, 1 metabolic equivalent (MET)?
3.5 mL per kg of bodyweight per minute
106
The best measure of cardiorespiratory fitness: the highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization during maximal effort exercise
Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)
107
What is a way to predict VO2max without expensive lab equipment ?
Submaximal exercise tests, such as the Rockport walk test and step test
108
What are the consequences of poor breathing patterns ?
Headaches, increased anxiety, fatigue, poor sleep, poor circulation
109
What is the chief source of energy for all body functions and muscular exertion ?
Carbohydrates
110
Law stating weight reduction can only take place when there is more energy being burned than is being consumed
Law of Thermodynamics
111
Energy storage and transfer unit within cells of the body
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
112
Primary end product after the digestion of carbohydrates
Glucose
113
The storage from of carbohydrates in muscle tissue and the liver
Glycogen
114
If unused, carbohydrates are stored in bodily fat cells and converted to what
Fat
115
What is rarely used for energy during exercise and is a source of fuel during starvation ?
Protein
116
Process during a negative energy balance that uses amino acids in energy production
Gluconeogenesis
117
Process by which a phosphate molecule is added to ADP to make ATP
Phosphorylation
118
By which 3 pathways can cells generate ATP ?
ATP-PC
Glycolysis
Oxidative
119
Simplest and fastest pathway to ATP using a phosphocreatine molecule, primary used during high-intensity, short-duration activity such as power lifting
ATP- System
120
Processes that do not require the use of oxygen
Anaerobic
121
Process of energy that require the use of oxygen
Aerobic
122
The anaerobic chemical breakdown of glucose for energy
Glycolysis
123
What is the most efficient, but slowest and most complex pathway to energy where ATP is created in the presence of oxygen ?
Oxidative phosphorylation
| aerobic glycolysis + Krebs cycle + electron transport chain
124
In which process is Pyruvic acid converted into acetyl CoA in the presence of oxygen ?
Aerobic glycolysis
125
In which process is acetyl CoA is broken down producing 2 ATP, CO2 and hydrogen as byproducts ?
Krebs cycle
126
During which process do hydrogen ions from the Krebs cycle combine with other ions for phosphorylation of ADP, creating 1 additional ATP ?
Electron transport chain
127
Conversion of free fatty acids to acetyl CoA for use in the Krebs cycle
Beta (B)-oxidation
128
What are 2 factors that determine energy using during exercise ?
Intensity and duration
129
Energy system used during the onset of activity and primarily maintained during the first 30 seconds of activity
ATP-PC
130
Energy system without oxygen used primarily for the first 30 to 50 seconds of activity, dropping off around 3 minutes
Glycolysis
131
Primary energy system for activities that last longer than several minutes
Aerobic metabolism
132
The state where there is an elevation of the body's metabolism after exercise
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
133
What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) when only carbohydrates are used as a fuel source ?
1
134
What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) when only fats are used as fuel, only occurs during sleep ?
0.7
135
Positioned near the middle of the body
Medial
136
Positioned on the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
137
What is the position of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex during running movements ?
A slight forward lean with neutral spine
138
The position with the body erect with the arms at the side and the palms forward
The anatomic position
139
Position above a point of reference
Superior
140
Position below a point of reference
Inferior
141
Positioned on the back of the body
Posterior
142
Positioned on the front of the body
Anterior
143
Positioned nearest the center of the body or point of reference
Proximal
144
Positioned farthest from the center of the body or pint of reference
Distal
145
Positioned toward the outside of the body
Lateral
146
Positioned near the middle of the body
Medial
147
Positioned on the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
148
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into right and left halves
Sagittal plane
149
What movements can only occur side to side, as if there were a wall in front and behind the body ?
Frontal plane movements
150
What movements occur in the transverse plane of motion ?
Rotation
151
What movements primarily occur in the frontal plane of motion ?
Abduction/adduction
Lateral flexion
Eversion/ Inversion
152
A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases
Flexion
153
A movement in the frontal plane away from the middle of the body
Abduction
154
In which plane of motion do forward and backward movement, including flexion and extension, occur ?
Sagittal plane
155
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves
Transverse plane
156
What are four movements occurring in the transverse plane of motion ?
Trunk rotation
Throwing
Golfing
Swinging a bat
157
Movement in a plane occures about an axis running perpendicular to the plane
Joint motion
158
A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases
Extension
159
Movement in the frontal plane back toward the middle of the body
Adduction
160
When a muscle is exerting more force than being placed placed on it, resulting in the shortening of the muscle
Concentric
161
Moving in the same direction of force, resulting in the lengthening of a muscle
Eccentric
162
The neuromuscular phenomenon that occurs when inappropriate muscles take over the function of a weak or inhibited prime mover
Synergistic dominance
163
Which muscle concentrically accelerates dorsiflexion and inversion ?
Anterior tibialis
164
What muscle concentrically accelerates hip extension and external rotation ?
Gluteus maximus
165
What muscle concentrically accelerates hip flexion, abductions, and internal rotation ?
Tensor fascia latae
166
What muscle concentrically accelerates spinal flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation ?
Rectus abdominus
167
Which muscle concentrically accelerates scapular retraction ?
Middle trapezius
168
What muscle eccentrically decelerates shoulder flexion, abduction, and external rotation ?
Latissimus dorsi
169
In order, which muscles are the agonist, synergist, and antagonist during hip extension ?
Gluteus maximus
Hamstring
Psoas
170
List agonist, synergist, stabilizer, and antagonist muscles during a overhead press exercise ?
Deltoids (Agonist)
Triceps (synergists)
Rotator Cuff (stabilizer)
Latissimus Dorsi (antagonist)
171
Which muscle concentrically accelerates knee extension and hip flexion ?
Rectus femoris
172
Which 2 muscles eccentrically decelerate ankle dorsiflexion
Soleus and gastrocnemius
173
Which muscle concentrically accelerates shoulder flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation ?
Pectoralis major
174
When contractile force is equal to the resistance and no movements occurs
Isometric
175
The resting length of muscle and the tension it can produce at that resting length
Length-tension relationship
176
If one component of the Human Movement System is dysfunctional, it can impact other components throughout the body leading to what ?
Decreased performance and possible injury
177
The ability of muscles to produce force with increasing velocity
Force-velocity curve
178
As the velocity of a concentric muscle action increases, its ability to produce force ____.
Decreases
179
As the velocity of an eccentric muscle action increases, the ability to develop force ____.
Increases
180
The synergistic action of muscle to produce movement around a joint
Force-couple
181
The study that uses principles of physics to quantitatively study how force interact within a living body
Biomechanics
182
What are the 3 systems of the kinetic chain (aka human movement system)?
Nervous
Muscular
Skeletal system
183
What is comprised of bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments ?
Musculoskeletal system
184
What 3 things are necessary to establish neuromuscular efficiency ?
Proper length tension relationship
Proper force-couples
Proper arthrokinematics
185
A rigid bar that pivots about a stationary fulcrum
Lever
186
Bending the neck is an example of what type of lever ?
1st class - fulcrum is between resistance and effort
187
Performing a calf raise is an example of what type of lever ?
2nd - resistance is between the fulcrum and the effort
188
Performing a biceps curl is an example of what type of lever ?
3rd - effort is between the resistance and the fulcrum
189
What type of lever are most limbs in the body ?
3rd class
190
The study of posture and movement and the involved structures and mechanisms that the central nervous system uses to assimilate and integrate sensory information with previous experiences
Motor control
191
Repeated practice of motor control processes, which lead to a relatively permanent charge in the ability to produce complex movements
Motor learning
192
The HMS response to internal and external environmental stimuli
Motor behavior
193
How motor skill changes over time
Motor development
194
Data the CNS receives from sensory receptors, such as the body's position in space, limb orientation, and information about the environment
Sensory information
195
Muscle recruited by the CNS to work as a group to accomplish a required movement
Muscle synergies
196
The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements
Proprioception
197
The ability of the CNS to gather and interpret sensory information to execute the proper motor response
Sensorimotor integration
