Module 7: Human Movement Science (Ch. 2-5) Flashcards
Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues
Mechanoreceptors
Receptors sensitive to change and rate of change of tension
Golgi tendon organs
Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and rate of that change
Muscle spindles
The functional unit of the nervous system
Neuron
Receptors that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration in the joint
Joint receptors
The system that acts as the body’s communication network, gathers and interprets, information, and determines all movement
Nervous system
What are the 3 functions of the nervous system ?
Sensory
Intergrative
Motor
The ability to sense body position and limb movement relative to adjacent parts of the body and the environment
Proprioception
What are 4 benefits of training proprioceptive abilities ?
Improve balance
Posture
Coordination
Ability to adapt to changing environments
What are the 3 main parts of neuron ?
Cell body
Axon
Dendrites
Transmit nerve impulses from receptors in tissues to the CNS
Sensory (afferent) neurons
Transmits nerve impulses from the CNS to effector sites in muscles or organs
Motor (efferent) neurons
Transmits nerve impulses from one neuron to another
Interneurons
The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord
Central nervous system (CNS)
Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body
Peripheral nervous system
Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability and input to the nervous system
Ligaments
A flattened or indented portion of bone, which can be a muscle attachment site
Depression
Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
Axial Skeleton
Portion of the skeletal system that includes the bones that connect to the spinal column including the upper and extremities
Appendicular skeleton
Bone with a cylindrical body (shaft) that are longer than they are wide and enlarge and widen at each end
Long bone
Cube or box-shaped bones that are nearly as wide as they are long; made out of mostly sponge bone tissue to maximize shock absorption
Short bones
Thin bones made of two layers of compact bone tissue around a layer of spongy bone tissue
Flat bone
Bones of unique shape and function that do not fit the characteristics of other categories
Irregular bones
Small, often round bones embedded in a joint capsule
Sesamoid bones
The motion of the joints in the body
Arthrokinematics
What are 3 types of joint motion ?
Roll, slide and spin
What are 6 types of joints related to movement ?
Glidding Condyloid Hinge Saddle Pivot Ball-and-socket
Joints held together by a joint capsule and ligament; most associated with movement in the body
Synovial joint
Most-mobile joints that allow motion in all three planes
Ball-and socket
What does bone do in response to progressive exercise ?
Gets stronger
What can prevent bone injuries related to falls ?
Maintaining muscle strength
Coordination
Balance
What is the best exercise to help strengthen bone ?
Weight-bearing exercise
The functional unit of the muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin
Sacromere
What are 7 characteristics of type 1 muscle fibers ?
Slow twitch Smaller in size Less force production Slow to fatigue More capillaries Increased oxygen delivery Long term contractions such as stabilization
What are 7 characteristics of type 2 muscle fibers ?
Fast twitch Larger in size Short term contractions Quick to fatigue More force produced Fewer Capillaries Decreased oxygen delivery
Which 5 muscles comprise the local stabilization system of the core ?
Transvers abdominis Internal Oblique Lumbar multifidus pelvic floor muscle Diaphragm
The ability of muscle to exert maximal force output in a minimal amount of time
Rate for force production
Series of muscles that move the skeleton
Muscular system
What are the 3 types of muscle ?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
The outermost layer of muscle tissue
Fascia
The second layer of muscle tissue, aka “deep fascia”
Epimysium
The middle layers of muscle made up of bundles of muscle fibers
Fascicles
The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles
Perimysium
Connective tissue between muscle fibers
Endomysium
Plasma membrane surrounding individual muscle fibers
Sarcolemma
Substance in the muslce fiber that contains glycogen, fats, minerals, myoglobin, nuclei, and mitochondria
Sarcoplasm
Contains thin and thick myosin filaments that make up muscle fibers
Myofibrils
The communication between the nervous and muscular system
Neural activation
The interface points between the nervous and muscular system
Motor unit
The neurotransmitter chemical used by the neuromuscular system
Acetylcholine
The proposed process by which the contraction of the filaments within the sarcomere takes place
Sliding filament theory
What occurs between filaments as individual muscle fibers contract to produce force ?
Actin-myosin cross bridging
What chemical process occurs between filaments as a sarcomere contracts ?
Excitation-contraction coupling
Muscles that perform the opposite action as the prime mover
Antagonist
Which muscle is the agonist in hip extension ?
Gluteus maximus
Muscles that assist the prime mover
Synergist
The muscle that acts as the prime mover and is most responsible for given movement
Agonist
Which muscles act as synergists to gluteus maximus during hip extension?
Hamstrings
Erector spinae
Muscles that support the body while the agonists and synergists produce movement
Stabilizers
Which muscles serve as stabilizers muscles during hip extension ?
Transverse abdominis
Internal obliques
Multifidus
Which muscle is an antagonist to the gluteus maximus during hip extension ?
Psoas
System that regulates body function with hormones
Endocrine system
Chemicals that trigger muscle contractions, stimulate protein and fat synthesis, activate enzyme system, regulate growth and metabolism, and determine the body responds to stress physically and emotionally
Hormones
What are the 3 components of the endocrine system ?
Host organs (glands) Chemical messengers (hormones) Traget cells (receptors)
Section of the brain that controls the function of all other endocrine glands
Pituitary gland
Gland that releases hormones responsible for metabolism, protein synthesis, heart rate, breathing, and body temperature
Thyroid gland
What are 5 symptoms of low thyroid function ?
Low metabolism Fatigue Depression Cold sensitivity Weight gain
Glands that secrete stress hormones cortisol and epinephrine (adrenaline) responsible for the “fight or flight” response
Adrenal glands
Primary link between the nervous system and endocrine system, and helps control feelings of fullness when eating, metabolism, and body temperature
Hypothalamus
Organ that controls blood glucose through the release of insulin and glucagon
Pancreas
What are 4 effects epinephrine has on the body regards to exercise ?
Increase heart rate and stroke volume
Elevates blood glucose
Redistributes blood to working tissue
Opens up airways
Hormone that plays a fundamental role in muscle tissue synthesis
Testosterone
Hormone that influence the location of fat deposits
Estrogen
Catabolic hormone associated with tissue breakdown
Cortisol
What are 4 factors that can raise cortisol to harmful levels ?
Overtraining
Excessive stress
Poor sleep
Inadequate nutrition
Primary response for growth until puberty in both men and women; increases fat burning and strengthens the immune system. It is stimulated by release of estrogen or testosterone, deep sleep. or vigorous exercise
Growth hormone
A system of the body composed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels
Cardiovascular system
A system of the body composed of the lungs and respiratory passageways that collects oxygen from the external environment and transports it to the blood stream
Respiratory system
What is the main difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle ?
Cardiac muscle is involuntary and cannot be consciously controlled
Referred to as the pacemaker of the heart; responsible for rhythmic contraction of the myocardial cells
Sinoatrial (SA) Node
Structure of the heart that delays the contractions impulse before sending it to the ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) Node
Receives deoxygenated blood from the body
Right Atrium
Sends Deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Right Ventricle
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
Left Atrium
Sends oxygenated blood to the body
Left Ventricle
Smaller, superiorly located chambers that gather blood returning to the heart
Atria
Larger, inferiorly located chambers that pump blood out of the heart
Ventricles
What separates the chambers of the heart and major arteries and veins & prevents backflow ?
Valves
Amount of blood pumped with each contraction
Stroke Volume
The rate at which the heart beats
Heart rate (Pulse)
What is the average resting heart rate for an untrained adult ?
70-80 BPM
Cells suspended in plasma containing glucose, hormones, and clotting agents
Blood
What are the 3 types of blood cells ?
White blood cells (immune)
Red blood cells (oxygen)
Platelets (clotting)
What are 3 functions of blood ?
1) Transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones and waste products
2) Regulates body temperature, pH, and cellular water content
3) protects against blood loss by clotting, and fights foreign pathogens and toxins
Closed circuit of hollow tubes that transports blood to and from the heart
Blood vessels
What are 3 types of blood vessels ?
Arteries (Carries blood away from the heart) Capillaries (exchange sites of water and chemicals in tissues) Veins (carries blood back to the heart)
What is the resting heart rate of an average adult ?
70-80 BPM
The airway, lungs, and respiratory muscle that work together to move oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out
Respiratory (pulmonary) system
What are the 2 Phases of breathing ?
Inspiration (in) and expiration (out)
Active contraction of muscles to increase thoracic cavity volume; thus, decreasing interpulmonary pressure and drawing air into the lungs
Inspiratory ventilation
Active or passive contraction of muscles, causing inspiratory muscles to relax and air to move out of the body
Expiratory ventilation
What are the primary respiratory muscles used during light breathing ?
Diaphragm, external intercostals
What are the secondary respiratory muscles used for heavy breathing ?
Scalenes, pectoralis minor
Location where gasses such as oxygen and carbon dioxide travel in and out of the blood stream
Alveoli
What is the typical resting oxygen consumption for healthy adults - aka, 1 metabolic equivalent (MET)?
3.5 mL per kg of bodyweight per minute
The best measure of cardiorespiratory fitness: the highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization during maximal effort exercise
Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)
What is a way to predict VO2max without expensive lab equipment ?
Submaximal exercise tests, such as the Rockport walk test and step test
What are the consequences of poor breathing patterns ?
Headaches, increased anxiety, fatigue, poor sleep, poor circulation
What is the chief source of energy for all body functions and muscular exertion ?
Carbohydrates
Law stating weight reduction can only take place when there is more energy being burned than is being consumed
Law of Thermodynamics
Energy storage and transfer unit within cells of the body
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Primary end product after the digestion of carbohydrates
Glucose
The storage from of carbohydrates in muscle tissue and the liver
Glycogen
If unused, carbohydrates are stored in bodily fat cells and converted to what
Fat
What is rarely used for energy during exercise and is a source of fuel during starvation ?
Protein
Process during a negative energy balance that uses amino acids in energy production
Gluconeogenesis
Process by which a phosphate molecule is added to ADP to make ATP
Phosphorylation
By which 3 pathways can cells generate ATP ?
ATP-PC
Glycolysis
Oxidative
Simplest and fastest pathway to ATP using a phosphocreatine molecule, primary used during high-intensity, short-duration activity such as power lifting
ATP- System
Processes that do not require the use of oxygen
Anaerobic
Process of energy that require the use of oxygen
Aerobic
The anaerobic chemical breakdown of glucose for energy
Glycolysis
What is the most efficient, but slowest and most complex pathway to energy where ATP is created in the presence of oxygen ?
Oxidative phosphorylation
aerobic glycolysis + Krebs cycle + electron transport chain
In which process is Pyruvic acid converted into acetyl CoA in the presence of oxygen ?
Aerobic glycolysis
In which process is acetyl CoA is broken down producing 2 ATP, CO2 and hydrogen as byproducts ?
Krebs cycle
During which process do hydrogen ions from the Krebs cycle combine with other ions for phosphorylation of ADP, creating 1 additional ATP ?
Electron transport chain
Conversion of free fatty acids to acetyl CoA for use in the Krebs cycle
Beta (B)-oxidation
What are 2 factors that determine energy using during exercise ?
Intensity and duration
Energy system used during the onset of activity and primarily maintained during the first 30 seconds of activity
ATP-PC
Energy system without oxygen used primarily for the first 30 to 50 seconds of activity, dropping off around 3 minutes
Glycolysis
Primary energy system for activities that last longer than several minutes
Aerobic metabolism
The state where there is an elevation of the body’s metabolism after exercise
Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)
What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) when only carbohydrates are used as a fuel source ?
1
What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) when only fats are used as fuel, only occurs during sleep ?
0.7
Positioned near the middle of the body
Medial
Positioned on the same side of the body
Ipsilateral
What is the position of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex during running movements ?
A slight forward lean with neutral spine
The position with the body erect with the arms at the side and the palms forward
The anatomic position
Position above a point of reference
Superior
Position below a point of reference
Inferior
Positioned on the back of the body
Posterior
Positioned on the front of the body
Anterior
Positioned nearest the center of the body or point of reference
Proximal
Positioned farthest from the center of the body or pint of reference
Distal
Positioned toward the outside of the body
Lateral
Positioned near the middle of the body
Medial
Positioned on the opposite side of the body
Contralateral
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into right and left halves
Sagittal plane
What movements can only occur side to side, as if there were a wall in front and behind the body ?
Frontal plane movements
What movements occur in the transverse plane of motion ?
Rotation
What movements primarily occur in the frontal plane of motion ?
Abduction/adduction
Lateral flexion
Eversion/ Inversion
A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases
Flexion
A movement in the frontal plane away from the middle of the body
Abduction
In which plane of motion do forward and backward movement, including flexion and extension, occur ?
Sagittal plane
An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves
Transverse plane
What are four movements occurring in the transverse plane of motion ?
Trunk rotation
Throwing
Golfing
Swinging a bat
Movement in a plane occures about an axis running perpendicular to the plane
Joint motion
A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases
Extension
Movement in the frontal plane back toward the middle of the body
Adduction
When a muscle is exerting more force than being placed placed on it, resulting in the shortening of the muscle
Concentric
Moving in the same direction of force, resulting in the lengthening of a muscle
Eccentric
The neuromuscular phenomenon that occurs when inappropriate muscles take over the function of a weak or inhibited prime mover
Synergistic dominance
Which muscle concentrically accelerates dorsiflexion and inversion ?
Anterior tibialis
What muscle concentrically accelerates hip extension and external rotation ?
Gluteus maximus
What muscle concentrically accelerates hip flexion, abductions, and internal rotation ?
Tensor fascia latae
What muscle concentrically accelerates spinal flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation ?
Rectus abdominus
Which muscle concentrically accelerates scapular retraction ?
Middle trapezius
What muscle eccentrically decelerates shoulder flexion, abduction, and external rotation ?
Latissimus dorsi
In order, which muscles are the agonist, synergist, and antagonist during hip extension ?
Gluteus maximus
Hamstring
Psoas
List agonist, synergist, stabilizer, and antagonist muscles during a overhead press exercise ?
Deltoids (Agonist)
Triceps (synergists)
Rotator Cuff (stabilizer)
Latissimus Dorsi (antagonist)
Which muscle concentrically accelerates knee extension and hip flexion ?
Rectus femoris
Which 2 muscles eccentrically decelerate ankle dorsiflexion
Soleus and gastrocnemius
Which muscle concentrically accelerates shoulder flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation ?
Pectoralis major
When contractile force is equal to the resistance and no movements occurs
Isometric
The resting length of muscle and the tension it can produce at that resting length
Length-tension relationship
If one component of the Human Movement System is dysfunctional, it can impact other components throughout the body leading to what ?
Decreased performance and possible injury
The ability of muscles to produce force with increasing velocity
Force-velocity curve
As the velocity of a concentric muscle action increases, its ability to produce force ____.
Decreases
As the velocity of an eccentric muscle action increases, the ability to develop force ____.
Increases
The synergistic action of muscle to produce movement around a joint
Force-couple
The study that uses principles of physics to quantitatively study how force interact within a living body
Biomechanics
What are the 3 systems of the kinetic chain (aka human movement system)?
Nervous
Muscular
Skeletal system
What is comprised of bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments ?
Musculoskeletal system
What 3 things are necessary to establish neuromuscular efficiency ?
Proper length tension relationship
Proper force-couples
Proper arthrokinematics
A rigid bar that pivots about a stationary fulcrum
Lever
Bending the neck is an example of what type of lever ?
1st class - fulcrum is between resistance and effort
Performing a calf raise is an example of what type of lever ?
2nd - resistance is between the fulcrum and the effort
Performing a biceps curl is an example of what type of lever ?
3rd - effort is between the resistance and the fulcrum
What type of lever are most limbs in the body ?
3rd class
The study of posture and movement and the involved structures and mechanisms that the central nervous system uses to assimilate and integrate sensory information with previous experiences
Motor control
Repeated practice of motor control processes, which lead to a relatively permanent charge in the ability to produce complex movements
Motor learning
The HMS response to internal and external environmental stimuli
Motor behavior
How motor skill changes over time
Motor development
Data the CNS receives from sensory receptors, such as the body’s position in space, limb orientation, and information about the environment
Sensory information
Muscle recruited by the CNS to work as a group to accomplish a required movement
Muscle synergies
The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements
Proprioception
The ability of the CNS to gather and interpret sensory information to execute the proper motor response
Sensorimotor integration
