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NASM CPT > Module 7: Human Movement Science (Ch. 2-5) > Flashcards

Module 7: Human Movement Science (Ch. 2-5) Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues

A

Mechanoreceptors

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2
Q

Receptors sensitive to change and rate of change of tension

A

Golgi tendon organs

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3
Q

Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and rate of that change

A

Muscle spindles

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4
Q

The functional unit of the nervous system

A

Neuron

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5
Q

Receptors that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration in the joint

A

Joint receptors

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6
Q

The system that acts as the body’s communication network, gathers and interprets, information, and determines all movement

A

Nervous system

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7
Q

What are the 3 functions of the nervous system ?

A

Sensory
Intergrative
Motor

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8
Q

The ability to sense body position and limb movement relative to adjacent parts of the body and the environment

A

Proprioception

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9
Q

What are 4 benefits of training proprioceptive abilities ?

A

Improve balance
Posture
Coordination
Ability to adapt to changing environments

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10
Q

What are the 3 main parts of neuron ?

A

Cell body
Axon
Dendrites

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11
Q

Transmit nerve impulses from receptors in tissues to the CNS

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

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12
Q

Transmits nerve impulses from the CNS to effector sites in muscles or organs

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

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13
Q

Transmits nerve impulses from one neuron to another

A

Interneurons

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14
Q

The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain and the spinal cord

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

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15
Q

Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body

A

Peripheral nervous system

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16
Q

Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability and input to the nervous system

A

Ligaments

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17
Q

A flattened or indented portion of bone, which can be a muscle attachment site

A

Depression

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18
Q

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

A

Axial Skeleton

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19
Q

Portion of the skeletal system that includes the bones that connect to the spinal column including the upper and extremities

A

Appendicular skeleton

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20
Q

Bone with a cylindrical body (shaft) that are longer than they are wide and enlarge and widen at each end

A

Long bone

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21
Q

Cube or box-shaped bones that are nearly as wide as they are long; made out of mostly sponge bone tissue to maximize shock absorption

A

Short bones

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22
Q

Thin bones made of two layers of compact bone tissue around a layer of spongy bone tissue

A

Flat bone

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23
Q

Bones of unique shape and function that do not fit the characteristics of other categories

A

Irregular bones

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24
Q

Small, often round bones embedded in a joint capsule

A

Sesamoid bones

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25
Q

The motion of the joints in the body

A

Arthrokinematics

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26
Q

What are 3 types of joint motion ?

A

Roll, slide and spin

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27
Q

What are 6 types of joints related to movement ?

A 
Glidding
Condyloid
Hinge
Saddle
Pivot
Ball-and-socket
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28
Q

Joints held together by a joint capsule and ligament; most associated with movement in the body

A

Synovial joint

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29
Q

Most-mobile joints that allow motion in all three planes

A

Ball-and socket

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30
Q

What does bone do in response to progressive exercise ?

A

Gets stronger

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31
Q

What can prevent bone injuries related to falls ?

A

Maintaining muscle strength
Coordination
Balance

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32
Q

What is the best exercise to help strengthen bone ?

A

Weight-bearing exercise

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33
Q

The functional unit of the muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin

A

Sacromere

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34
Q

What are 7 characteristics of type 1 muscle fibers ?

A 
Slow twitch
Smaller in size
Less force production
Slow to fatigue
More capillaries
Increased oxygen delivery
Long term contractions such as stabilization
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35
Q

What are 7 characteristics of type 2 muscle fibers ?

A 
Fast twitch
Larger in size
Short term contractions
Quick to fatigue
More force produced
Fewer Capillaries
Decreased oxygen delivery
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36
Q

Which 5 muscles comprise the local stabilization system of the core ?

A 
Transvers abdominis
Internal Oblique
Lumbar multifidus
pelvic floor muscle 
Diaphragm
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37
Q

The ability of muscle to exert maximal force output in a minimal amount of time

A

Rate for force production

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38
Q

Series of muscles that move the skeleton

A

Muscular system

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39
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle ?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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40
Q

The outermost layer of muscle tissue

A

Fascia

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41
Q

The second layer of muscle tissue, aka “deep fascia”

A

Epimysium

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42
Q

The middle layers of muscle made up of bundles of muscle fibers

A

Fascicles

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43
Q

The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

A

Perimysium

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44
Q

Connective tissue between muscle fibers

A

Endomysium

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45
Q

Plasma membrane surrounding individual muscle fibers

A

Sarcolemma

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46
Q

Substance in the muslce fiber that contains glycogen, fats, minerals, myoglobin, nuclei, and mitochondria

A

Sarcoplasm

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47
Q

Contains thin and thick myosin filaments that make up muscle fibers

A

Myofibrils

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48
Q

The communication between the nervous and muscular system

A

Neural activation

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49
Q

The interface points between the nervous and muscular system

A

Motor unit

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50
Q

The neurotransmitter chemical used by the neuromuscular system

A

Acetylcholine

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51
Q

The proposed process by which the contraction of the filaments within the sarcomere takes place

A

Sliding filament theory

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52
Q

What occurs between filaments as individual muscle fibers contract to produce force ?

A

Actin-myosin cross bridging

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53
Q

What chemical process occurs between filaments as a sarcomere contracts ?

A

Excitation-contraction coupling

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54
Q

Muscles that perform the opposite action as the prime mover

A

Antagonist

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55
Q

Which muscle is the agonist in hip extension ?

A

Gluteus maximus

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56
Q

Muscles that assist the prime mover

A

Synergist

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57
Q

The muscle that acts as the prime mover and is most responsible for given movement

A

Agonist

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58
Q

Which muscles act as synergists to gluteus maximus during hip extension?

A

Hamstrings

Erector spinae

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59
Q

Muscles that support the body while the agonists and synergists produce movement

A

Stabilizers

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60
Q

Which muscles serve as stabilizers muscles during hip extension ?

A

Transverse abdominis
Internal obliques
Multifidus

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61
Q

Which muscle is an antagonist to the gluteus maximus during hip extension ?

A

Psoas

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62
Q

System that regulates body function with hormones

A

Endocrine system

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63
Q

Chemicals that trigger muscle contractions, stimulate protein and fat synthesis, activate enzyme system, regulate growth and metabolism, and determine the body responds to stress physically and emotionally

A

Hormones

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64
Q

What are the 3 components of the endocrine system ?

A 
Host organs (glands)
Chemical messengers (hormones)
Traget cells (receptors)
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65
Q

Section of the brain that controls the function of all other endocrine glands

A

Pituitary gland

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66
Q

Gland that releases hormones responsible for metabolism, protein synthesis, heart rate, breathing, and body temperature

A

Thyroid gland

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67
Q

What are 5 symptoms of low thyroid function ?

A 
Low metabolism
Fatigue
Depression
Cold sensitivity
Weight gain
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68
Q

Glands that secrete stress hormones cortisol and epinephrine (adrenaline) responsible for the “fight or flight” response

A

Adrenal glands

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69
Q

Primary link between the nervous system and endocrine system, and helps control feelings of fullness when eating, metabolism, and body temperature

A

Hypothalamus

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70
Q

Organ that controls blood glucose through the release of insulin and glucagon

A

Pancreas

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71
Q

What are 4 effects epinephrine has on the body regards to exercise ?

A

Increase heart rate and stroke volume
Elevates blood glucose
Redistributes blood to working tissue
Opens up airways

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72
Q

Hormone that plays a fundamental role in muscle tissue synthesis

A

Testosterone

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73
Q

Hormone that influence the location of fat deposits

A

Estrogen

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74
Q

Catabolic hormone associated with tissue breakdown

A

Cortisol

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75
Q

What are 4 factors that can raise cortisol to harmful levels ?

A

Overtraining
Excessive stress
Poor sleep
Inadequate nutrition

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76
Q

Primary response for growth until puberty in both men and women; increases fat burning and strengthens the immune system. It is stimulated by release of estrogen or testosterone, deep sleep. or vigorous exercise

A

Growth hormone

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77
Q

A system of the body composed of the heart, blood, and blood vessels

A

Cardiovascular system

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78
Q

A system of the body composed of the lungs and respiratory passageways that collects oxygen from the external environment and transports it to the blood stream

A

Respiratory system

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79
Q

What is the main difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle ?

A

Cardiac muscle is involuntary and cannot be consciously controlled

80
Q

Referred to as the pacemaker of the heart; responsible for rhythmic contraction of the myocardial cells

A

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

81
Q

Structure of the heart that delays the contractions impulse before sending it to the ventricles

A

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

82
Q

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body

A

Right Atrium

83
Q

Sends Deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

Right Ventricle

84
Q

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

A

Left Atrium

85
Q

Sends oxygenated blood to the body

A

Left Ventricle

86
Q

Smaller, superiorly located chambers that gather blood returning to the heart

A

Atria

87
Q

Larger, inferiorly located chambers that pump blood out of the heart

A

Ventricles

88
Q

What separates the chambers of the heart and major arteries and veins & prevents backflow ?

A

Valves

89
Q

Amount of blood pumped with each contraction

A

Stroke Volume

90
Q

The rate at which the heart beats

A

Heart rate (Pulse)

91
Q

What is the average resting heart rate for an untrained adult ?

A

70-80 BPM

92
Q

Cells suspended in plasma containing glucose, hormones, and clotting agents

A

Blood

93
Q

What are the 3 types of blood cells ?

A

White blood cells (immune)
Red blood cells (oxygen)
Platelets (clotting)

94
Q

What are 3 functions of blood ?

A

1) Transports nutrients, oxygen, hormones and waste products
2) Regulates body temperature, pH, and cellular water content
3) protects against blood loss by clotting, and fights foreign pathogens and toxins

95
Q

Closed circuit of hollow tubes that transports blood to and from the heart

A

Blood vessels

96
Q

What are 3 types of blood vessels ?

A 
Arteries 
(Carries blood away from the heart)
Capillaries 
(exchange sites of water and chemicals in tissues)
Veins (carries blood back to the heart)
97
Q

What is the resting heart rate of an average adult ?

A

70-80 BPM

98
Q

The airway, lungs, and respiratory muscle that work together to move oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out

A

Respiratory (pulmonary) system

99
Q

What are the 2 Phases of breathing ?

A

Inspiration (in) and expiration (out)

100
Q

Active contraction of muscles to increase thoracic cavity volume; thus, decreasing interpulmonary pressure and drawing air into the lungs

A

Inspiratory ventilation

101
Q

Active or passive contraction of muscles, causing inspiratory muscles to relax and air to move out of the body

A

Expiratory ventilation

102
Q

What are the primary respiratory muscles used during light breathing ?

A

Diaphragm, external intercostals

103
Q

What are the secondary respiratory muscles used for heavy breathing ?

A

Scalenes, pectoralis minor

104
Q

Location where gasses such as oxygen and carbon dioxide travel in and out of the blood stream

A

Alveoli

105
Q

What is the typical resting oxygen consumption for healthy adults - aka, 1 metabolic equivalent (MET)?

A

3.5 mL per kg of bodyweight per minute

106
Q

The best measure of cardiorespiratory fitness: the highest rate of oxygen transport and utilization during maximal effort exercise

A

Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)

107
Q

What is a way to predict VO2max without expensive lab equipment ?

A

Submaximal exercise tests, such as the Rockport walk test and step test

108
Q

What are the consequences of poor breathing patterns ?

A

Headaches, increased anxiety, fatigue, poor sleep, poor circulation

109
Q

What is the chief source of energy for all body functions and muscular exertion ?

A

Carbohydrates

110
Q

Law stating weight reduction can only take place when there is more energy being burned than is being consumed

A

Law of Thermodynamics

111
Q

Energy storage and transfer unit within cells of the body

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

112
Q

Primary end product after the digestion of carbohydrates

A

Glucose

113
Q

The storage from of carbohydrates in muscle tissue and the liver

A

Glycogen

114
Q

If unused, carbohydrates are stored in bodily fat cells and converted to what

A

Fat

115
Q

What is rarely used for energy during exercise and is a source of fuel during starvation ?

A

Protein

116
Q

Process during a negative energy balance that uses amino acids in energy production

A

Gluconeogenesis

117
Q

Process by which a phosphate molecule is added to ADP to make ATP

A

Phosphorylation

118
Q

By which 3 pathways can cells generate ATP ?

A

ATP-PC
Glycolysis
Oxidative

119
Q

Simplest and fastest pathway to ATP using a phosphocreatine molecule, primary used during high-intensity, short-duration activity such as power lifting

A

ATP- System

120
Q

Processes that do not require the use of oxygen

A

Anaerobic

121
Q

Process of energy that require the use of oxygen

A

Aerobic

122
Q

The anaerobic chemical breakdown of glucose for energy

A

Glycolysis

123
Q

What is the most efficient, but slowest and most complex pathway to energy where ATP is created in the presence of oxygen ?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

aerobic glycolysis + Krebs cycle + electron transport chain

124
Q

In which process is Pyruvic acid converted into acetyl CoA in the presence of oxygen ?

A

Aerobic glycolysis

125
Q

In which process is acetyl CoA is broken down producing 2 ATP, CO2 and hydrogen as byproducts ?

A

Krebs cycle

126
Q

During which process do hydrogen ions from the Krebs cycle combine with other ions for phosphorylation of ADP, creating 1 additional ATP ?

A

Electron transport chain

127
Q

Conversion of free fatty acids to acetyl CoA for use in the Krebs cycle

A

Beta (B)-oxidation

128
Q

What are 2 factors that determine energy using during exercise ?

A

Intensity and duration

129
Q

Energy system used during the onset of activity and primarily maintained during the first 30 seconds of activity

A

ATP-PC

130
Q

Energy system without oxygen used primarily for the first 30 to 50 seconds of activity, dropping off around 3 minutes

A

Glycolysis

131
Q

Primary energy system for activities that last longer than several minutes

A

Aerobic metabolism

132
Q

The state where there is an elevation of the body’s metabolism after exercise

A

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

133
Q

What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) when only carbohydrates are used as a fuel source ?

A

1

134
Q

What is the respiratory quotient (RQ) when only fats are used as fuel, only occurs during sleep ?

A

0.7

135
Q

Positioned near the middle of the body

A

Medial

136
Q

Positioned on the same side of the body

A

Ipsilateral

137
Q

What is the position of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex during running movements ?

A

A slight forward lean with neutral spine

138
Q

The position with the body erect with the arms at the side and the palms forward

A

The anatomic position

139
Q

Position above a point of reference

A

Superior

140
Q

Position below a point of reference

A

Inferior

141
Q

Positioned on the back of the body

A

Posterior

142
Q

Positioned on the front of the body

A

Anterior

143
Q

Positioned nearest the center of the body or point of reference

A

Proximal

144
Q

Positioned farthest from the center of the body or pint of reference

A

Distal

145
Q

Positioned toward the outside of the body

A

Lateral

146
Q

Positioned near the middle of the body

A

Medial

147
Q

Positioned on the opposite side of the body

A

Contralateral

148
Q

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into right and left halves

A

Sagittal plane

149
Q

What movements can only occur side to side, as if there were a wall in front and behind the body ?

A

Frontal plane movements

150
Q

What movements occur in the transverse plane of motion ?

A

Rotation

151
Q

What movements primarily occur in the frontal plane of motion ?

A

Abduction/adduction
Lateral flexion
Eversion/ Inversion

152
Q

A bending movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases

A

Flexion

153
Q

A movement in the frontal plane away from the middle of the body

A

Abduction

154
Q

In which plane of motion do forward and backward movement, including flexion and extension, occur ?

A

Sagittal plane

155
Q

An imaginary bisector that divides the body into top and bottom halves

A

Transverse plane

156
Q

What are four movements occurring in the transverse plane of motion ?

A

Trunk rotation
Throwing
Golfing
Swinging a bat

157
Q

Movement in a plane occures about an axis running perpendicular to the plane

A

Joint motion

158
Q

A straightening movement in which the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases

A

Extension

159
Q

Movement in the frontal plane back toward the middle of the body

A

Adduction

160
Q

When a muscle is exerting more force than being placed placed on it, resulting in the shortening of the muscle

A

Concentric

161
Q

Moving in the same direction of force, resulting in the lengthening of a muscle

A

Eccentric

162
Q

The neuromuscular phenomenon that occurs when inappropriate muscles take over the function of a weak or inhibited prime mover

A

Synergistic dominance

163
Q

Which muscle concentrically accelerates dorsiflexion and inversion ?

A

Anterior tibialis

164
Q

What muscle concentrically accelerates hip extension and external rotation ?

A

Gluteus maximus

165
Q

What muscle concentrically accelerates hip flexion, abductions, and internal rotation ?

A

Tensor fascia latae

166
Q

What muscle concentrically accelerates spinal flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation ?

A

Rectus abdominus

167
Q

Which muscle concentrically accelerates scapular retraction ?

A

Middle trapezius

168
Q

What muscle eccentrically decelerates shoulder flexion, abduction, and external rotation ?

A

Latissimus dorsi

169
Q

In order, which muscles are the agonist, synergist, and antagonist during hip extension ?

A

Gluteus maximus
Hamstring
Psoas

170
Q

List agonist, synergist, stabilizer, and antagonist muscles during a overhead press exercise ?

A

Deltoids (Agonist)
Triceps (synergists)
Rotator Cuff (stabilizer)
Latissimus Dorsi (antagonist)

171
Q

Which muscle concentrically accelerates knee extension and hip flexion ?

A

Rectus femoris

172
Q

Which 2 muscles eccentrically decelerate ankle dorsiflexion

A

Soleus and gastrocnemius

173
Q

Which muscle concentrically accelerates shoulder flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation ?

A

Pectoralis major

174
Q

When contractile force is equal to the resistance and no movements occurs

A

Isometric

175
Q

The resting length of muscle and the tension it can produce at that resting length

A

Length-tension relationship

176
Q

If one component of the Human Movement System is dysfunctional, it can impact other components throughout the body leading to what ?

A

Decreased performance and possible injury

177
Q

The ability of muscles to produce force with increasing velocity

A

Force-velocity curve

178
Q

As the velocity of a concentric muscle action increases, its ability to produce force ____.

A

Decreases

179
Q

As the velocity of an eccentric muscle action increases, the ability to develop force ____.

A

Increases

180
Q

The synergistic action of muscle to produce movement around a joint

A

Force-couple

181
Q

The study that uses principles of physics to quantitatively study how force interact within a living body

A

Biomechanics

182
Q

What are the 3 systems of the kinetic chain (aka human movement system)?

A

Nervous
Muscular
Skeletal system

183
Q

What is comprised of bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments ?

A

Musculoskeletal system

184
Q

What 3 things are necessary to establish neuromuscular efficiency ?

A

Proper length tension relationship
Proper force-couples
Proper arthrokinematics

185
Q

A rigid bar that pivots about a stationary fulcrum

A

Lever

186
Q

Bending the neck is an example of what type of lever ?

A

1st class - fulcrum is between resistance and effort

187
Q

Performing a calf raise is an example of what type of lever ?

A

2nd - resistance is between the fulcrum and the effort

188
Q

Performing a biceps curl is an example of what type of lever ?

A

3rd - effort is between the resistance and the fulcrum

189
Q

What type of lever are most limbs in the body ?

A

3rd class

190
Q

The study of posture and movement and the involved structures and mechanisms that the central nervous system uses to assimilate and integrate sensory information with previous experiences

A

Motor control

191
Q

Repeated practice of motor control processes, which lead to a relatively permanent charge in the ability to produce complex movements

A

Motor learning

192
Q

The HMS response to internal and external environmental stimuli

A

Motor behavior

193
Q

How motor skill changes over time

A

Motor development

194
Q

Data the CNS receives from sensory receptors, such as the body’s position in space, limb orientation, and information about the environment

A

Sensory information

195
Q

Muscle recruited by the CNS to work as a group to accomplish a required movement

A

Muscle synergies

196
Q

The cumulative sensory input to the central nervous system from all mechanoreceptors that sense position and limb movements

A

Proprioception

197
Q

The ability of the CNS to gather and interpret sensory information to execute the proper motor response

A

Sensorimotor integration

NASM CPT (7 decks)

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