Module 7

Question 1

Pathogen

Answer 1

an infectious agent that is capable of causing disease

Question 2

what are the different types of pathogens in order

Answer 2

Prions < Viruses < Bacteria < Protozoa < Macroscopic

Question 3

Give an example of a name of a Bacteria, disease, symptoms and mode of transmission

Answer 3

Name of Bacteria: Mycobacterium TB
Name of the disease: Tuberculosis
Symptoms: fever and coughing with blood
Mode of transmission: Air transmission via H20 droplet

Question 4

Give an example of the name of a Virus, disease, symptoms and mode of transmission

Answer 4

Name of Virus: HIV
Name of the disease: AIDS
Symptoms: Weightloss diarrhea 
Mode of transmission: Direct method 
Sexual transmission via an infected partner, sharing a needle with contaminated blood

Question 5

Give an example of the name of a Protozoa, disease, symptoms and mode of transmission

Answer 5

Name of Protozoa: Plasmodium Falciparum
Name of the disease: Malaria
Symptoms: Vomiting, abundant sweating
Mode of transmission: Vector transmission, Female anopheles

Question 6

Give an example of the name of a Prion, disease, symptoms and mode of transmission

Answer 6

Name of Prion: Prion protein PrPSc
Name of the disease: Kuru
Symptoms: Memory loss, Shivering
Mode of transmission: inherited mutated gene
use of contaminated equipment during surgery

Question 7

Give an example of the name of a Fungi, disease, symptoms and mode of transmission

Answer 7

Name of Fungi: Microsporum
Name of the disease: Tinea
Symptoms: Scaly dry skin, burning between toes
Mode: Direct contact with the fungus

Question 8

Give an example of the name of a Macroparasite, disease, symptoms and mode of transmission

Answer 8

Name of Macroparasites: Trematodes
Name of the disease: Liver fluke
Symptoms: Causes inflammatory disease of bile ducts
Mode: eating contaminated fish or drinking water

Question 9

Describe the microbial testing of water or food samples

Answer 9

Aim: to culture microbes growing on food such as bread and fruit and identify them
Method: Collect a piece of old bread that has developed a furry growth of mould
2. Sterilise an inoculating loop and use it to collect spores from a piece of bread
3. Place the lid on a plate, seal it and invert and label
4. Incubate inoculated plates and a non-inoculated plate (Observe and Compare)
5. Dispose of the microbes on the plates by autoclaving
Results: Typically you will observe different colors and shapes of microbes on inoculated plates

Question 10

Give similarities and differences between fungal and bacterial colonies

Answer 10

Bacterial colonies are shiny and smooth

Fungi colonies develop mycelium and spore-producing structures are fungi

Question 11

What were Koch’s Postulates

Specific pathogens cause specific disease

Answer 11

1. The microorganism must be present in the tissues of the infected organism and not in a healthy organism
2. The microorganism must be able to be cultivated in isolation from the infected organism
3. When an uninfected organism is then inoculated with the culture it should develop symptoms of the disease.
4. Samples from the second infected organism should be able to be isolated and found to be the same as the microorganism from the first infected and organism.

Question 12

Germ Theory

Answer 12

Specific microbes cause specific disease and that all micro-organisms come from pre-existing micro-organisms

Question 13

Pasteur’s experiment states the independent, dependent and variables that should be kept constant

Answer 13

Independent variable - absence/ presence of flask
Dependent variable - microbial growth/ clarity of broth
Constant - the amount of broth, temperature, size of flask

Question 14

Assess the causes and effects of diseases on agricultural production eg Animal Disease
Anthrax
State the cause and effect

Answer 14

Insect: Bovivola ovis
Effect: Sheep lice costs producers in NSW over 1M per year lot production and treatment costs
Sheep with less produce about 10% less wool
The wool has broken wool and makes the fleece more felted and 10% less valuable

Question 15

Identify two Aboriginal protocols GIVE THE names OF THE bush medicine

Answer 15

1. Davidson and Kakadu plums contain a higher concentration of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
   - The Indigenous Aboriginal People consumed the plums to boost their body nutrient level which reduced chance of getting scurvy
2. The soap tree leaves produce a soap solution that have antibacterial properties and thus act as an antiseptic.
   The leaves contain saponin acid which has the ability to suppress bacteria growth.
   Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples used the soap tree leaves as a way to heal cuts on their skin.

Question 16

What are the modern applications for

1. Davidson and Kakadu plums
2. Soap Tree leaves

Answer 16

1-The antioxidant properties of Kakadu plums allow them to be used in skin treatment products in restoring skin elasticity and skin membrane.
incorporated in contemporary natural medicines used to help boost vitamin C levels.
2. The bark of the tree is crushed and boiled where the ash produced is turned into a paste that is used as a liniment to relieve muscle or body pains, these can be found in modern chinese and western medicines.

Question 17

What was the aboriginal protocol for yellow orche (hydrated iron hydroxide)

Answer 17

• It was used to treat stomach upsets

- Yellow orche is basic hence can neutralise excess HCl in the stomach

Question 18

Modern Application of yellow orche

Answer 18

Yellow ochre is used to manufacture rampipril to treat high blood pressure and used as a medicine to improve survival rate of after a heart attack.

Question 19

Investigate how recognition and protection of Indigenous cultural and intellectual property is important
GIVE DETAILS ON CASE STUDY:SMOKEBUSH

Answer 19

Smokebush is a plant native to western Australia

• Has been traditionally used as medicine
• In 1900s America was granted access to some plant samples to screen them for the presence of cancer fighting molecules
• None was found
• Tested again during the AIDS epidemic and found it contained the conocurovone molecule which could fight aids in low concentrations
• USA filed a patent giving them exclusive rights but none to the Aboriginals (AMRAD awarded to develop the patent )
• Exploited for financial gain

Question 20

what does the unacknowledged Aboriginal cultural and intellectual property reflect in the patent law system

Answer 20

• It is flawed because they did not receive compensation or acknowledgement
• Represents a threat to aboriginal cultural practices
• Patenting of traditional medicinal plants may prevent them from continuing to freely use their own cultural knowledge
• Customary laws and community values should be respected

Question 21

What is an example of a case study where Aboriginal cultural and intellectual properties were respected

Answer 21

mudjala plant

Question 22

How were the Aboriginals acknowledged in the mudjala plant

Answer 22

The myardoo mudjala plant has been known to the Mangala community as possessing healing powers of pain and relief
-Elders of the community collaborated with Griffith Uni to extract the active compounds that gave it its medicinal properties
The two are joint patent holders
-Aboriginals are part of the harvesting and monitoring trials === benefit from large scale commercialisation

Question 23

Outline two examples of current strategies used to predict and control the spread of disease

Answer 23

Satellite imaging - used to trace vector activity such as the distribution of the Anopheles species that drives malaria transmission in Africa

Global Surveillance- for emerging infectious diseases aims to rapidly detect changes in the incidence rates of endemic diseases

Question 24

Evaluate the effectiveness of technological developments in the prediction or control of diseases

Answer 24

Web-based surveillance tools and epidemic intelligence methods used by health institutions help with risk assessment and timely outbreak detection
eg Mobile phone data is increasing being used to track mobility of individuals to study the transmission dynamics and routes of importation of infectious disease from region to region

Question 25

Evaluate cultural diverse strategies to predict and control the spread of disease

Answer 25

Firstly understand the cultural beliefs first eg cultural practises and beliefs played a key role in the spread of African Ebola epidemic 2013-16
Burial and mourning == close contact with corpse
Members fell sick didn’t go to the hospital == belief they would die isolated
Hugs and handshakes - way of greeting

Question 26

Evaluate historical strategies to predict and control the spread of disease

Answer 26

Believed disease was caused and spread by miasma
-Greeks knew people who suffered from Bubonic Plage acquired immunity ==survivors nursed the sick
Mathematical modelling of life expectancy when a population is inoculated against small pox- Bernoulli

Question 27

Define prevalence

Answer 27

the number of cases of disease currently in a population in a given time

Question 28

Define incidence

Answer 28

Number of new cases in a population over a period of time

Question 29

The incidence and prevalence of infectious disease involves a wide range of interrelated factors that include

Answer 29

the mobility of individuals and the proportion of the population that are immune/ immunised

Question 30

How does the mobility of individuals in a population influence the incidence and prevalence of disease

Answer 30

By changing the frequency of contact between infected and susceptible individuals

Question 31

How does mobility contribute to the incidence and prevalence of infectious diseases and re-introduction of diseases

Answer 31

Increases contact between humans and vectors eg tourism and migration
Humans encroaching into vector habitats

Question 32

Provide an example that shows the spread of a disease due to mobility of individuals in a population

Answer 32

HIC first indentified in the 1900 an example of the impact that the incidence and prevalence of infections disease can have globally.
AIDS has claimed more than 25 million live s
more than 60 million are infected
90% cases are in LEDC
HIV spread from the first zoonotic transmission from chimps to people around 70 years ago in central Africa
Data suggests the pandemic started min 70-80s
Spread through air, sea travel and migration.
Local epidemics -sexually active individuals

Question 33

Provide an example of data that shows how the incidence or prevalence of disease is related to the proportion of the population that are immune or immunised

Answer 33

Avian Influenca has been detected in birds in the past but reported in humans in China 2013
An increase in human infections reported since 2016.
Population surveys in 2015 reported zero to low immunity against Avian Infuenza