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NUR 326 > module 7 > Flashcards

module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what was the first antibiotic discovered

A

penicillin was the first antibiotic discovered and it was done by accident

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2
Q

when an infection is present what should be done to know what to be treating

A

-identify the bacteria with a culture and perform a sensitivity to determine what antibiotics it is susceptible to

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3
Q

gram positive and gram negative stains

A

gram positives stain purple and gram negatives stain pink

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4
Q

antimicrobial agent

A

drugs used to prevent or treat infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites

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5
Q

antibiotics

A

drugs that can kill or inhibit bacterial growth and replication

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6
Q

bactericidal

A

agents that kill bacteria

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7
Q

basteriostatic

A

agents that inhibit the growth and replication of nbacteria

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8
Q

bacteria

A

single celled microorganisms that do not have nuclei and reproduce by fission or spitting

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9
Q

viruses

A

intracellular parasites that survive only in living tissues

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10
Q

fungi

A

plantlike micriirganissms that live as parasites on living tissue or on deceasing organic matter

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11
Q

colonization

A

presence and growth of micoorganisms on host tissues

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12
Q

opportunistic

A

microorganisms in normal flora that become pathogenic under conditions that are favorable for their overgrowth

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13
Q

survival of the fittest

A

microbes adapt to survive via capsules, enzymes and altered metabolism

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14
Q

normal flora in the skin and external GU

A

-staphylococci, streptococci, diptheroids, transient microbes

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15
Q

normal flora of the upper respiratory tract

A

staphylococci, streptococci, diphtheroids, pneumococci, H. influenza

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16
Q

normal flora in the vagina

A

lactobacilli, candida, bacteroides

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17
Q

normal flora of the colon

A

e. coli, klebsiella, enterobacter, proteus, pseudomonas, bactericides, clostridium, lactobacilli, staphylococci, strep

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18
Q

host defenses

A

the biggest defense is the skin
there are also mucous membranes, secretions like saliva and teas, mechanical movement, phagocytes (macrophages), inflammation and the immune system process

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19
Q

gram positive

A

staphylococci, streptococci, enterococci

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20
Q

gram negative

A

E. coli, klebsiella, proteus, pseudomonas, serrate, salmonella, shigella

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21
Q

anaerobic

A 
clostridium perfringens (gram positive)
bacteroides (gram negative)
22
Q

identification of the pathogen

A

microscopy and gram stain
culture and sensitivity to guide antibiotic treatment
antigen detection: PCR (detects specific DNA)
site of infection: certain sites are hard for antimicrobials to reach and maintain minimum inhibitory concentration. like the CSF, heart, abscesses (have poor blood supply)

23
Q

minimum effective concentration

A

daily oral or iv dosing has a peak and trough. it has the least consistent administration. intermittent dosing still has peaks and troughs but is more consistent. the most consistent dosing is continuous iv dosing

24
Q

susceptibility

A

vulnerability of the bacteria to an antibiotics effects

25
Q

antibiotic resistance

A

ability of certain bacteria to survive and multiply in the presence of antibiotics

26
Q

broad spectrum

A

effective against a wide range of bacteria vs gram neg and gram pos

27
Q

narrow spectrum

A

effective against certain types or gains of bacteria

28
Q

minimum inhibitory concentration

A

lowest blood concentration of antibiotic that inhibits growth but doesn’t kill the bacteria

29
Q

minimum bactericidal concentration

A

lowest blood concentration of antibiotic that kills 99.9% of bacteria

30
Q

antibiotics that affect the bacterial cell wall

A

are beta lactams with 4 categories

  • penicillins
  • cephalosporins
  • carapenems
  • monobactams
31
Q

1st generation cephalosporins

A

(cephalexin: keflex) gram positive organisms (staph, strep, not MRSA, some g-

32
Q

2nd generation cephalosporins

A

(cefaclor: ceclor) a bit less active for gm positive and a bit more active for gm-. klebsiella, proteus, e. coli. one drug (cefoxitin) works for B. fragilis others do not

33
Q

3rd generaction cephalosporins

A

(ceftriaxone: Rocephin) more resistant gm- like serrate, citrobacter, enterobacter, P. mirabilis. it penetrates inflamed meninges to reach the therapeutic levels in CSF

34
Q

4th generation cephs

A

(cefipime)greater stability against beta lactase-producing bacteria. active against many bacteria resistant to 3rd gen drugs

35
Q

5th gen

A

(ceftaroline: teflaro)active against MRS, VRSA, and others it is used in CAP and skin infections with resistant organisms

36
Q

later generations are more likely to

A

be less susceptible to destruction of beta lactamase, cover gm neg, reach CSF, cover anaerobes, cover resistant organisms

37
Q

nursing implications

A
  • check dilution and administration rate and compatibility
  • do not administer if particulate matter or cloudy solution
  • monitor for side effects, superinfection, renal function, liver function, hypokalemia, and seizures
  • monitor for improvement of signs and symptoms
  • check weight
38
Q

preventing infection

A
  • HAND HYGIENE
  • aseptic technique
  • minimize invasive procedures and devices
  • immunization
  • teach patients to take full course
  • evaluate effectiveness of therapy
39
Q

antimicrobial resistance

A

microbial resistance to drugs once successfully used to destroy microorganisms

40
Q

crystalluria

A

prescence of crystals in the urine, indicating irritation

41
Q

Glycycyclines

A

class of anti infective agents that are structurally related to the tetracyclines and share many of the same properties; used for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by methicilin resistant staph and vancomycin sensitive enterococcus as well as treatment of complicated intraabdominal infections

42
Q

gray syndrome

A

dangerous condition that occurs in newborns who are given chloramphenicol; may lead to fatalities

43
Q

lincosamides

A

similar to macrolides in their mechanism of action and antimicrobial spectrum

44
Q

lipopeptides

A

a new class of antibiotics that kills gram positive bacteria by inhibiting synthesis of bacterial proteins, DNA and RNA

45
Q

MRSA

A

microorganism resistant to broad spectrum antibiotics such as penicillin and erythromucin; frequently colonizers nasal passages of health care workers and is increasing as a cause of infection in health care facilities

46
Q

mycobacterium avium complex

A

caused by atypical mycobacteria; opportunistic infection that occurs mainly in people with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection

47
Q

Oxazolidinones

A

newer class of antibioitcs active against aerobic gram positive bacteria by inhibiting protein synthesis

48
Q

red man syndrome

A

adverse reachion when dalbavacin or cancomycin is administered too quickly characterized by hypotension, flushing, and skin rash

49
Q

urinary antiseptics

A 
Fosfomycin (monurol)
methenamine mandelate (mandelamine)
nalidixic acid (NegGram)
50
Q

principles of therapy with sulfonamides and urinary antiseptics

A

c/s studies needed before therapy begun
loading dose produces therapeutic blood levels more quickly (2x maintenance dose)
-urine pH important in pharmacotherapy

51
Q

red man syndrome

A

fever, chills, gives, low BP, rapid heartbeat, NV, redness or rash at back of the neck. itchiness of the rash or red blotches, muscle weakness, dizziness/syncope

52
Q

vancomycin principles of therapy

A

culture and susceptibility repots determine if resistance is present and evaluate for cross sensitivity

NUR 326 (7 decks)

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