module 1

Question 1

What is pharmacotherapy ?

Answer 1

The use of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or treat signs, symptoms, and diseases. These medications can be preventative, curing, and relieving. systemic drugs travel in the circulation to their site of action in various body tissues and are then eliminated.arugs can be acute or long term depending on their nature.

Question 2

Synthetic medications

Answer 2

These medications are made in laboratories they are more standardized in their chemical characteristics and more consistent in their affects. They are less likely to produce allergic reactions

Question 3

Semi- synthetic medications

Answer 3

These meds are modified natural substances that have been chemically modified.these include antibiotics. Could also be a vaccine which takes a natural substance like virus and combines i with a manmade componet

Question 4

What is biotechnology?

Answer 4

This process involves manipulating and recombining genes; using another organism to produce clones and a target such as insulin.

Question 5

What is a drug classification?

Answer 5

All drugs are classified. This may be according to their effect on a certain body system (bronchodialator), their therapeutic use(anti-emetic/nausea) and their chemical characteristics(beta blockers). medications may be a part of more than one category because they have a wide effect on the body. Ex: morphine is a CNS depressant, narcotic pain reliever, and an opioid.

Question 6

How is the drug risk categorized?

Answer 6

The fda categorizes all drugs based on their risk from a(safest) to x (known danger) the fda implemented the pregnancy and lactation labelling rule which requires changes to the content and format of info presented in the perscription labeling rule. The fda launced a phaseout of pregnancy categories that stratifled risk of fetal injury from drugs used correctly by the mother. This was done because existing categories were found to lead to false conclusions on which drugs were safe.

Question 7

What is the difference betweeen a generic name and a trade name?

Answer 7

The generic name is often related to the chemical or official name and is independent of the manufacturer.it often indicates the drug group ex: cillins are penicillins.
the brand name or trade name is named and patened by the manufacturer. No other company can produce the drug with the same chemical makeup until the patent expires. when the patent expires, another company can produce the same drug with the same makeup, but a different trade name.
The trade name is usually more expensive, written in uppercase and will likley have a co-pay.

Question 8

What are OTC drugs?

Answer 8

These drugs are available over the counter there is a potential for drug interaction with other drugs. This interaction could have side effects.it is important for the nurse to teach the patient about the arug and you must stress the importance of reading labels for ingredients and dosing.

Question 9

What are advantages of otc medications?

Answer 9

1. Patients have greater autonomy
2. faster
3. More convenient
4. Early resumption of activities and fewer visits to health care providers
5. Possible increased efforts by consumers to learn about their symptoms/conditions and recommended treatment

Question 10

What are disadvantages of otc medications?

Answer 10

1. Innacurate self-diagnosis and potential risk of choosing wrong or contraindicated drug
2. Delays treatment by a professional
3. Development of adverse drug reactions and interactions

Question 11

What are a nurse’s legal responsiblties?

Answer 11

1. Safe accurate medication administration
2. Recognizing and questioning erroneous orders
3. Refusing to administer unsafe medication
4. Delegating in compliance with the law

Question 12

What is the FDA?

Answer 12

Regulates the manufacturing,distribution, advertising, and labeling of official usp drugs. They require companies to meet standards of purity and strength determined by analysis. Herbals and supplements are not regulated by this rule.

Question 13

What is the durham-humphrey amendment? who enforces it?

Answer 13

This amendment states that certain designated drugs must be perscribed by a licensed doctor or practitioner and dispensed by a pharmacy. The fda enforces this amendment

Question 14

What is the controlled substances act?

Answer 14

This act regulates the manufacturing and distribution of narcotics, stimulants, hallucinogens, depressants, and anabolic steroids. Pharmeceutical industry must maintain physical security and strict record keeping

Question 15

What is the drug enforcement agency?

Answer 15

The dea enforces the controlled substances act. Perscribers are assigned a dea # which must be on all perscriptions for controlled substances

Question 16

What does the US public health service (usphs) do?

Answer 16

Regulates vaccines and biologics

Question 17

What does the federal trade commission do?

Answer 17

This agency can suppress misleading advertisments

Question 18

What is a nurses role regarding controlled substances?

Answer 18

1. Keep substances locked
2. Administer to a patient only with a valid order
3. Maintain accurate record of each dose given in narcotic record and medication administation record
4. keep an accurate inventory and report discrepancies to authorities

Question 19

What is the comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control act (1970) ?

Answer 19

1. Regulates manufacturing and distribution of substances with potential for abuse including narcotics, hallucinogens, depressants, and anabolic steroids.
2. Drugs are categorized by schedule I through V based on therapeutic use and potential for abuse.
3. State laws are more stringent (strict)

Question 20

Schedule I

Answer 20

Drugs with no accepted medical use. They have a lack of accepted saftey and high abuse potential examples include heroin, LSD, meth, and peyote.

Question 21

Schedule II

Answer 21

Drugs that are used medically and have high abuse potentials: examples include codeine, hydromorphine, methadone, meperidine, cocain, barbituate, pentobarbital

Question 22

Schedule III

Answer 22

Drugs with less potential for abuse than the previous two schedulesshowever, abuse can lead to dependence. Include depressants, androgens, anabolic steroids, and CNS stimulants.

Question 23

Schedule IV

Answer 23

Drugs with an accepted medical use in the united states but have some potential for abuse. Include benzodlazepines and sedative hypnotics

Question 24

Schedule V

Answer 24

Products containing moderate amounts of controlled substances they may be dispensed by pharmacist l without a prescription but with some restrictions on a mount and other safeguards these include cough suppressants with codiene and antidiarrheal drugs

Question 25

What is the fdas phase 1?

Answer 25

This is only a few doses of the new drug given to a small number of healthy humans, used to determine the safe dose, absorption, route, metabolism, excretion and toxicity

Question 26

What is the fdas phase 2?

Answer 26

This phase consists of a few doses with a small number of people with diseases/symptoms. The purpose is to determine now drug effects differ in persons with disease/symptoms vs. with healthy people.

Question 27

What is fda phase 3?

Answer 27

This is when larger trials in diverse populations begin. Double-blind randomized controlled trial. The purpose is to determine therapeutic effects beyond placebo effect and monitor for toxicities

Question 28

What is fda phase 4?

Answer 28

Post marketing monitoring and reporting. Continue to monitor saftey and effectiveness in real-world use

Question 29

What is a medication error?

Answer 29

Any event that may cause or lead to an inappropriate medication use or harm to patient. Also called an adverse drug event.

Question 30

10 rights of medication administration?

Answer 30

1. Right drug 2. Right dose 3. Right patient4. Right route 5. Right time 6. right reason 7.right documentation 8. Right education 9.Right evaluation 10. Right to refuse

Question 31

What are high alert medications?

Answer 31

Wafarin, insulin, iu potassium chloride there are specific “beers” criteria, for the drugs that have the most risk for the elderly nurses are legally liable for all medications they give.

Question 32

Culture of saftey

Answer 32

1. Use of the nursing process
2. Electronic charting
3. automatic drug dispensing machines
4. Bar codes
5. Quiet zones

Question 33

Adoption of the quality for saftey education for nurses principles

Answer 33

This focuses on the necessary knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for nurses to improve saftey and quality in health systems. There are 6 competencies developed to meet one of the national patient saftey goals

Question 34

Medication reconciliation

Answer 34

Obtaining an accurate medication history about all drugs (born prescribed and over the counter), vitamins, and herbal medications, including doses and frequency. this is done on entry to a health care facility. The history is compared to the newly ordered medications and discrepancies are resolved. this new info is communicated to the patient and provider

Question 35

Quality and saftey education for nurses competencies

Answer 35

1. Patient centered care:respect patuents preferences, values, and needs
2. Teamwork and collaboration: interprofessional teams foster more sound descision making
3. Evidence based practice: provide the most current clinically backed care
4. Quality improvement: continuously improvecquality and of health care
5. Saftey: minimize risk of harm to patients and providers
6. Informatics: use technology to communicate, manage knowkedge, mitigate error, and support decision making

Question 36

Nursing assessment pharmocology

Answer 36

Should medication be given as ordered? Should the order be questioned and confirmed? Assess for the therapeutic effects and adverse effects

Question 37

Nursing diagnosis pharmocology

Answer 37

Knowledge of deficit re: drug therapy
Risk for injury due to adverse effects
Risk for falls due to polypharmacy

Question 38

Nursing intervention pharmocology

Answer 38

Give med or hold it(based on assessment) ? Confirm appropriateness of medication and dose for patient. Follow correct procedure for administration. Avoid medication errors

Question 39

Nursing Evaluation pharmocology

Answer 39

Evaluate response to medication. Evaluate lab values. Evaluate self care. Evaluate self administration. DOCUMENT