Module 6 - Respiratory Flashcards
Functions
Functions
Gives Oxygen to circulatory system – w/o O2, rapid death
Cellular respiration
Remove waste product – CO2
Maintain acid balance
Respiration – Gas exchange – atmosphere to blood to cells
Respiration - Steps
Respiration – Gas exchange – atmosphere to blood to cells
Step 1: Ventilation – breathing in
Step 2: External respiration
Step 3: Internal Respiration – tissue
Structures
Structures
Upper Respiratory system
Nose
Pharynx
Lower Respiratory system
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Conducting portion
Conducting portion – conduct air into lungs – route for air in & out, remove debris and pathogens, warm air – cavities and tubes
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchiole, and terminal bronchioles
Respiratory portion
Respiratory portion – gas exchange – respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli
Nose
Nose
Major entrance and exit
External
Internal
Nasal cavity
Vestibule
Nose - External
External – cartilage and skin – lined with mucous membrane
Root – b/w eyebrows
Bridge – connection b/w root and nose
Dorsum nasi – length
Apex – tip
External Nares – nostrils – opening to exterior – cartilage ala
Philtrum – connect b/w nose & upper lip
Nose - Internal
Internal – warm, moisten, & filter air – olfactory stim – resonating chambers to modify speech
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium – cilia move and trap debris in mucous
Seromucous glands – lubricating mucus
Nasal cavity
Nasal cavity – internal and external – divided into Right and left by nasal septum
Nose - Vestibule
Vestibule – anterior portion of nasal cavity
Pharynx
Pharynx
Tube of skeletal muscle
Lines with mucous membrane
Continuous with nasal cavity
3 major regions
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
Nasopharynx – air way – contains conchae of nasal cavity
Top – pharyngeal tonsils
Uvula – small bulbous – apex of soft palate – closing off preventing material entering nasal cavity while eating
Auditory tubes – open into
Oropharynx
Oropharynx – passage for air and food – b/w nasopharynx and oral cavity
Epithelium changes to stratified squamous epithelium
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
Laryngopharynx
Laryngopharynx – air and food – posterior larynx
Digestive and resp tracts split
Larynx – air
Esophagus - food
Larynx
Larynx
Cartilage structure
Connects pharynx to trachea – extends from laryngopharynx
Regulates volume of air in and out
Large cartilage pieces
Vocal cords – vocal folds
Larynx - Cartilage
Large cartilage pieces
Thyroid – anterior – 2 plates
Laryngeal prominence – Adam’s apple
Epiglottis – superior – prevents food entering larynx
Cricoid cartilage – inferior – forms a ring
Paired arytenoid, corniculate, & cuneiform
Laryngeal prominence
Laryngeal prominence – Adam’s apple
Vocal cords
Vocal cords – vocal folds – produce sounds
Vibration – phonation
True vocal cords – white membranous folds attached by muscle
Vestibular folds – mucous membrane
Phonation
Vocal cords – vocal folds – produce sounds
Vibration – phonation
Aryepiglottic fold
Aryepiglottic fold – lines the entrance larynx
Trachea
Trachea
Wind pipe
Esophagus borders – posteriorly
Stack of C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage – prevent collapse
Lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium – continuous with larynx
Cilia keeps debris away from lungs – sent to throat to be swallowed
Carina
Carina
Trachea is divided at carina into left and right primary bronchi
Bronchial Tree
Bronchial Tree
Left and right primary bronchi into reach lung
Contain rings of cartilage
Bronchial/Respiratory tree
Trachea
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles – smooth muscle
Terminal bronchioles – start of respiratory zone
Alveolar ducts – opening to sacs – smooth muscle & connective tissue
Alveolar sacs – cluster of alveoli
Alveoli – site of gas exchange – connected to neighbors by alveolar pores
Alveoli
Alveoli
Walls consist of:
Type I alveoli cells
Type II Alveolar cells
Alveolar macrophages
Respiratory membrane
Type I Alveoli Cells
Type I alveoli cells
Simple squamous epithelial cells
Attached to thin, elastic basement membrane
Respiratory membrane – Borders endothelial membranes of capillaries
Highly permeable to gas
Type II Alveolar cells
Type II Alveolar cells
Secrete pulmonary surfactant
Phospholipids and proteins
Reduce tension – prevent collapse
Alveolar macrophages
Alveolar macrophages – dust cells – roaming
Removed debris and pathogens
Alveoli - Respiratory Membrane
Respiratory membrane – alveolar-capillary membrane – simple diffusion
O2 picked up by blood
CO2 release into air of alveoli
Lungs
Lungs
Gas exchange – large epithelial surface – highly permeably to gas
Pyramid-shaped – apex top
Connected to trachea by R & L bronchi
From diaphragm to slightly superior clavicles
Lie against ribs
Enclosed in pleura – attached to mediastinum
Double blood supply
Pulmonary circulation – blood enters through pulmonary arteries
Systemic circulation – bronchial arteries
Pleura
Lungs enclosed in pleura – attached to mediastinum
Serous membrane
R & L
2 layers
Visceral – on lungs
Pleural cavity – b/w layers – pleural fluid – lubricate to reduce friction – maintain position – adhesive to enlarge with thoracic wall at inhale
Parietal – attached to thoracic cavity
Right Lung
Right Lung – short and wider
3 lobes separated by 2 fissures
Superior
Middle
Inferior
Left Lung
Left Lung – smaller volume
1 fissure and Cardiac notch Cardiac notch – indent to make space for heart
2 lobes
Superior
Inferior
Bronchopulmonary segments
Bronchopulmonary segments – division of a lobe – secondary bronchi branch into tertiary – supply segments of lung
Each segment has lobules – contain lymphatics, arterioles, venules, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli
Pulmonary Ventilation
Pulmonary Ventilation
Process of gas exchange – breathing
Pressure gradient & muscle contraction
Inspiration
Expiration
Inspiration
Inspiration – air in – depended on pressure change
Diaphragm contracts – lungs expand making room for air – pulls down – increase volume
External Intercostal muscles – increase size of thorax – contract up and out
Expansion – Alveolar (intrapulmonary) pressure is below atmospheric pressure at muscle contraction – space for new air
Forced inspiration – accessory muscles
Forced inspiration – accessory muscles
Sternocleidomastoids
Scalene
Pectoralis minor
Expiration
Expiration – air out – high pressure
Alveolar pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure
Relaxation – diaphragm and intercostal muscles – decreases volume
Elastic recoil – chest wall and lungs snap back
Increases intrapleural pressure (pressure of air in lungs) – lungs and chest are too full
Decreases lung volume
Increases alveolar pressure – air must move out
Inward pull – alveolar fluid
Forced expiration – muscles
Forced expiration – contraction of internal intercostal and ab muscles – tighten ribs
Compliance
Compliance – ease of expansion – lungs and thoracic wall – fluid issues will decrease
Resistance
Resistance – bronchi to bronchioles
Lung Volume
Pulmonary air volume during ventilation
Tidal - resting breathing
Inspiratory Reserve – deep inhale – 3100ml
Expiratory Reserve – forced exhale – 1200ml
Residual volume – air left after exhale – 1200ml
Tidal Volume
Tidal – air enters during quiet breathing (at rest) – 500ml
70% reaches alveoli
Anatomic dead space– remainder in trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
Pulmonary Lung Capacities
Pulmonary Lung Capacities – sum of two+ volumes
Inspiratory
Functional residual
Vital capacity
Total lung capacity
Inspiratory Capacity
Inspiratory – max air, past tidal – 3600ml
Tidal + inspiratory reserve
Functional residual capacity
Functional residual – air remaining after tidal expiration – 2400ml
Expiratory + residual volume
Vital Capacity
Vital capacity – air able to move in and out – 4800ml
Tidal + Inspiratory reserve + expiratory reserve
Total lung capacity
Total lung capacity – sum of all lung volumes – total air at forced inhale – 6000ml
Sum of all volumes
Eupnea
Eupnea – normal variation – breathing rate and depth
Tachypnea
Tachypnea – rapid breathing rate
Dyspnea
Dyspnea – painful or difficulty breathing
Costal breathing
Costal breathing – intercostal and external costal needed – increase ventilation – exercise
Diaphragmatic breathing
Diaphragmatic breathing – contracting and relaxing diaphragm – changing lung volume
Gas Laws
Gas Laws
Pressure – gas molecules exert form on surfaces
Partial pressure – press of 1 molecule in a mixture
Total pressure – sum of all partial pressures in a mixture
Daltons law
Daltons law
Sum of total atmospheric pressure is the sum of the partial pressure of individual gases
Specific gases in a mixture exert their own pressure
Other gases wont effect this
Boyle’s Law
Boyle’s Law – volume and pressure inversely affected
Volume increases, pressure decreases
Volume decreases, pressure increases
Henry’s Law
Henry’s Law – behaviour of gases with liquids
Concentration of gas in liquid is proportional to solubility and partial pressure of gas
Higher partial pressure = increase gas molecules dissolved in liquid
External & Internal Respiration
External & Internal Respiration
Simple diffusion – no energy needed
Pressure gradient – high pressure to low pressure
Solubility and weight are factors
Internal Respiration
Internal – exchange of gases b/w blood and tissue – cellular level
Cells take O2 and release CO2 – diffusion
Oxygenated blood into deoxygenated blood
External Respiration
External – exchange of gases b/w lungs and blood – alveoli of lungs
Partial pressure difference in O2 and CO2 b/w alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries
O2 moves from the air into blood and CO2 moves from blood into air
Across respiratory membrane – dissolved in to plasma and picked up by RBCs
Oxygen transport
Oxygen transport
O2 dissolved into plasma (1.5%)
Hemoglobin – O2 binds to iron “heme” X4 per molecule – oxyhemoglobin (98.5%)
O2 Transport - Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin – O2 binds to iron “heme” X4 per molecule – oxyhemoglobin (98.5%)
Dictated by partial pressure of O2 – greater PO2 – more O2 will bind
Saturation – all hemoglobin full = 4O2
O2 will split off hemoglobin once at tissue and diffuse across membranes
Temp effects – high temp increase splitting
Acid environment – low pH – O2 splits easily – more H+
Hydrogen from CO2 reaction wants to bind – O2 splits off
Carbon Dioxide Transport
Carbon Dioxide Transport
Carbaminohemoglobin – CO2 binds to hemoglobin (23%)
Blood plasma – dissolved CO2 into bloodstream (7%)
Bicarbonate ions – (70%)
CO2 Transport - Bicarbonate Ions
Bicarbonate ions – (70%)
CO2 converts to maintain the ionic balance of plasma
Binds with water
Splits to make bicarbonate ions and H+
Control of Respiration
Control of Respiration
Brain stem – sends impulses to respiratory muscles
Medulla – controls rhythm
Chemoreceptors – monitor levels of CO2 and O2 – tell medulla
Inflation reflex – protects lungs over-inflation – stretch receptors
Medulla
Medulla – controls rhythm
Doral respiratory group – DRG – inspiratory – rhythm
Ventral respiratory group – VRG – expiratory – forced exhale
Medulla - Doral respiratory group
Doral respiratory group – DRG – inspiratory – rhythm
Stimulates diaphragm & intercostal muscles to contract – basal breathing rate
Medulla - Ventral respiratory group
Ventral respiratory group – VRG – expiratory – forced exhale
Accessory muscle stimulation contraction
Chemoreceptors
Chemoreceptors – monitor levels of CO2 and O2 – tell medulla
Central – medulla
Respond to H+ or CO2 in CSF
Peripheral – walls of system arteries
Respond to H+, CO2, and O2 in blood
Other factors - respiration
Other factors
Severe deficiency of O2 – activates central receptors and respiratory centre
Exercise – O2 need – proprioceptors in joints and muscles activate inspiratory centre – increases ventilation
BP, temp, pain, stretching of anal sphincter, limbic system, irritation of mucosa in resp
Asthma
Abnormal Resistance
Asthma
inflammation and edema of airways
bronchospasms
excessive mucus secretion occluding airways
Bronchitis
Abnormal Resistance
Bronchitis
Chronic inflammation of airways – irritant – coats cilia
Sleep Apnea
Abnormal Compliance
Sleep Apnea
Central sleep apnea – brain doesn’t trigger contraction and intercostal muscles to contract when CO2 increase
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Abnormal Compliance
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Insufficient production of pulmonary surfactant – prevents lungs from inflating
Pneumonia
Abnormal Compliance
Pneumonia
fluid in the lungs
Acute infection of alveoli – gas exchange becomes impaired
Emphysema
Abnormal Compliance
Emphysema
Air trapped in lungs – loss of alveolar wall elasticity
COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Abnormal Compliance
Abnormal Resistance
COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Airflow in and out diminished
Alveolar and airway inflammation
Both emphysema and bronchitis
