Module 2 - Blood Flashcards
Functions
Functions
Transportation
Regulation
Protection
Function - Transport
Transportation
Oxygen to body
Cardon dioxide from body to lungs
Nutrients from digestive track
Hormones throughout
Heat – too hot, brings blood to skin to cool it – too cold, brings blood away from skin
Waste from metabolic reactions
Function - Regulation
Regulation
Chemical balance – buffer system for pH
Water content of cells
Body temp
Function - Protection
Protection
Clotting – platelets
WBCs use phagocytosis – defence against environment – infection, toxins and microbes
Components
Plasma – 55%
Fluid where formed elements are suspended
Formed elements – 45%
RBCs – erythrocytes
WBCs – leukocytes
Plt – thrombocytes
Plasma
Plasma
Coagulation factors – Platelets & RBCs
Fibrinogen – fibers of blood clot
Serum
Plasma – clot = serum
Serum – de-fibrinated plasma – blood removed from vessels - liquid
Blood with no blood cells
Remaining plasma after coagulation
No fibrinogen
Plasma without clotting factors
Not present in circulating blood – needs to sit and have the clots form
Hemopoiesis
Hemopoiesis
Blood cell formation
Stim by hematopoietic growth factor hormones – trigger differentiate of pluripotent stem cells
Starts with stem cells – pluripotent hematopoietic cells
Pluripotent spilt into Lymphoid stem cells or Myeloid stem cells
- Hormones
o RBCs – erythropoietin – glycoprotein hormone
o Plts – thrombopoietin – glycoprotein hormone
o WBCs – cytokines – colony- stimulating factors and interleukins
Lymphoid stem cells
Lymphoid stem cells – immune response – precursor cells
Differentiate into pre-B and prothymocytes
Differentiate into B-Lymphocytes & T-lymphocytes
B – made in bones
T – made in thymus
Myeloid Stem cells
Myeloid – precursor cells for formed bodies of blood – RBCs, WBCs, and Plts
Differentiate into -blast cells
Hemopoiesis Hormones
Hormones
RBCs – erythropoietin – glycoprotein hormone
Plts – thrombopoietin – glycoprotein hormone
WBCs – cytokines – colony- stimulating factors and interleukins
Red Blood Cells – Erythrocytes
Red Blood Cells – Erythrocytes
Erythropoiesis – forms – in bone marrow – flat & lone
Erythropoietin – hormone – kidneys – stims marrow – regs production of RBCs – helps hypoxia (low O2)
Vitamin B12 – from intestine – synthesis in marrow – maturation of RBCs
Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin – hormone – kidneys – stims marrow – regs production of RBCs – helps hypoxia (low O2)
RBCs
RBCs – biconcave discs – contain hemoglobin – no nuclei – 120-day life cycle
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin – “heme” – iron – “globin” – protein
oxygen-carrying protein & CO2
hemoglobin + O2 = oxyhemoglobin
RBCs Death
RBCs Death – phagocytised by macrophages in spleen – hemoglobin recycled
Globin – split – liver – amino used for protein synthesis
Iron from heme – liver for new RBCs
Rest of heme – becomes waste – bilirubin
White Blood Cells – leukocytes
White Blood Cells – leukocytes
Defenses body intern and external
Buffy coat
Nucleated
Made in marrow
Surface proteins – Major Histocompatibility antigens (MHC) – unique to each person – identifying tissue
Granulocytes
Agranulocytes
Granulocytes
Granulocytes – immune cell with small particles with enzymes – Derived by myeloblast – release chemicals from granules – innate immunity – identify and clear pathogens
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Neutrophils – neutral – first to arrive – phagocyte – bacterial infections – produce puss
Basophils
Basophils – largest – basophilic granules – develop into mast cells (connective tissue) – release chemicals to fight infection & allergic reaction – heparin, histamine, and serotonin
Eosinophils
Eosinophils – eosinophilic granules – infections, especially parasites – release chemicals – combat histamine in reactions – wound healing
Agranulocytes
Agranulocytes – no granules – protect from disease
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes – B & T cells – Adaptive immunity – long life – identify future issues – derived from lymphoid stem cells
B cells
T cells
B cells
B cells – response to antigens – B cells differentiate to make antibodies
T cells
T cells – destroy foreign invaders – help activate B cells – identify and kill cancerous cells - regulate themselves
Monocytes
Monocytes – become macrophages – derived from mono-blast stem cells
Platelets – thrombocytes
Platelets – thrombocytes
Limit blood loss – hemostasis – platelet plug – granules promote clotting
Promote tissue repair and growth
Fragments of megakaryocyte – made in marrow – section will squeeze through capillaries – break into thousands of pieces = platelets
In buffy coat
No nucleus b/c fragment of cell
Surrounded by plasma membrane
Descend from myeloid stem cells
Life cycle – 5 to 9 days – removed by splenic macrophages
Found in
1/3 in spleen – storage
Peripheral blood
Thrombopoietin
Thrombopoietin (TPO) – glycoprotein – kidneys and liver – increase of megakaryoblasts – negative feedback
Hemostasis
Hemostasis
Stop bleeding – damaged or ruptured blood vessels
Localized & controlled
Clot
Clot – thrombus – gel w/ fibrin (protein fibers) trap formed elements – platelets and RBCs with mesh of cross-linked fibrin
Embolus
Embolus – anything moves by blood away from origin
Thrombosis
Thrombosis – Abnormal clotting w/o broken vessel
Anticoagulants
Anticoagulants – inhibits coagulation – present in blood
Clotting factors
Clotting factors – chemicals released by platelets & damaged tissue
Hemostasis - Cascade of reactions
Cascade of reactions – clotting factors – synthesis of fibrin
Extrinsic pathway
Intrinsic pathway
Common pathway
Extrinsic pathway
Extrinsic pathway – triggered by trauma
Intrinsic pathway
Intrinsic pathway – triggered by internal damage
Hemostasis Steps
Steps
Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation – Clotting – repairs wall of vessel – fibrin comes in and tightens – fibrin mediates connective tissue repair
1) Vascular spasm
Vascular spasm – smooth muscle of BVs contract to limit blood
2) Platelet plug formation
Platelet plug formation – local platelets form clot – sticky and form with collage – they release chemical, promotes platelets to area – Prothrombin activator to thrombin, controls fibrin
3) Coagulation
Coagulation – Clotting – repairs wall of vessel – fibrin comes in and tightens – fibrin mediates connective tissue repair
Fibrinolytic System
Dissolved once repaired – fibrinolytic system – proteins contract and tighten fibrin threads – normal flow – gradual degradation
Blood Typing
Blood Typing
RBCs contain blood group antigens in plasma – Agglutinogens or antigens – foreign cell proteins that trigger an immune response – presences of absences = blood type – flags
Blood groups – ABO and Rh
ABO
ABO – antigens A and B – flags will attack other flags
Types
A
B
AB
O
A type
A – A flag – antibodies fight B
B type
B – A flag – antibodies fight A
AB type
AB – A&B flag – no antibodies – universal acceptor
O type
O – no flags – fights A & B – only receive O blood – universal donor
Rh group
Rh – presence of rhesus factor – flag D
Positive – D flag
Negative – no D flag – antibodies against D – can’t take positive blood
Hemolysis
Hemolysis – RBCs break down – incompatible blood – antibodies from recipient will bind to antigens on donor RBCs – release all hemoglobin into plasma – possible kidney failure
