Module 6: Qualitative Research

Question 1

What are Type of Data Collection Methods?

Answer 1

1. Individual Interviews
2. Group Interviews
3. Observation

Question 2

Focus group

Answer 2

fosters open discussion among group members, agreement is NOT needed

Question 3

Nominal group

Answer 3

more controlled, agreement within the group MUST be achieved

Question 4

Delphi process

Answer 4

similar to the nominal group, but the process is conducted by mail or email rather than a group meeting

Question 5

Structured interviews

Answer 5

can be compared to a survey in that very specific questions are asked in a standard order. There is not an opportunity to go off topic. Good for gathering very specific information

Question 6

Unstructured interview

Answer 6

guided more by the participants and can go in many different directions. The researcher will introduce a topic, but how the participants replies & what directions that conversation goes is uncontrolled.

-Good for gathering thoughts, feelings, and exploring topics from a broader perspective

Question 7

Semi-structured interviews

Answer 7

combine components of both the structured and unstructured interviews, by using specific questions that are phrased to allow a broader response them you would get in a structured interview

Question 8

Observation data collection methods

Answer 8

occurs in the participant’s natural setting, or a research environment simulating a specific situation
-time intensive
-details can be missed
-participants may change behavior if they know they are being observed

Question 9

What are 2 types of Observation Data Collection?

Answer 9

1. Covert
2. Interactive

Question 10

Primary documents

Answer 10

those that are the main focus of your study

Question 11

Secondary documents

Answer 11

those written about the primary documents (supporting data)

Question 12

Auxiliary documents

Answer 12

those that are relevant, but not central or foundational, to the research question

Question 13

What type of sampling method is this?

Sampling the easiest available participants to save time, money, and/or effort

Answer 13

Convenience

Question 14

What type of sampling method is this?

Sampling to include extreme viewpoints to compare the full spectrum of an issue

Answer 14

Extreme case

Question 15

What type of sampling method is this?

Sampling a cohort of participants with a shared experience or phenomenon in common

Answer 15

Homogeneous

Question 16

What type of sampling method is this?

Sampling a wide variety of participants

Answer 16

Maximum variation

Question 17

What type of sampling method is this?

Sampling a specific group with known characteristics in common

Answer 17

Purposeful

Question 18

What type of sampling method is this?

Sampling based on preconceived notions of who might have an experience or who might have the clearest insight into a topic

Answer 18

Selective

Question 19

What type of sampling method is this?

Starting with a purposeful sample, then adding other participants that your original participants identify. Repeat the cycle until data saturation occurs

Answer 19

Snowball

Question 20

What are 3 types of Data Analysis?

Answer 20

1. Transcription
2. Coding
3. Codebook

Question 21

How many methods of ‘trustworthiness’ should you use in a study design?

Answer 21

At least 2

Question 22

What are 5 Types of Trustworthiness study designs?

Answer 22

1. Adoption of a pre-identified research method.
2. Detailed, thick descriptions (getting as much info and detail as you can)
3. Member checking
4. Triangulation (using multiple data sources or methods)
5. Frequent peer review or debriefing

Question 23

What type of bias is this?

Occurs when the participant chooses to agree with the moderator or researcher. Some participants may agree just to complete the interview. This happens typically once fatigue sets in.

Answer 23

Acquiescence bias

Question 24

What type of bias is this?

Many participants respond inaccurately just so they can be liked, or be better accepted, especially in the case of sensitive questions.

Answer 24

Social desirability bias

Question 25

What type of bias is this? Occurs when participants provide the same answers, in response to similarly worded questions, just as a matter of habit.

Answer 25

Habituation bias

Question 26

What type of bias is this? Can occur if a participant is opinionated about the sponsor of the research, or get influenced by the sponsors reputation or mission statement.

Answer 26

Sponsor bias

Question 27

These strategies will provide what type of bias? -Asking open-ended questions -Asking the question in different ways or using direct questions that allow the participant to select from a range of potential choices, rather than 'yes' or 'no'

Answer 27

Acquiescence bias

Question 28

These strategies will provide what type of bias? -Phrase the questions in a manner that allows the participant to feel accepted no matter what the answer is -Ask 'indirect' questions

Answer 28

Social Desirability bias

Question 29

These strategies will provide what type of bias? -Word different questions differently -Make questions engaging

Answer 29

Habituation Bias

Question 30

These strategies will provide what type of bias? Maintain visual and verbal neutrality so as to NOT influence the participants responses

Answer 30

Sponsor Bias

Question 31

What type of bias is this? The most common and highly recognized bias; it occurs when a researcher interprets the data to support his or her hypothesis. Researchers may also omit data that does not favor their hypothesis.

Answer 31

Confirmation bias

Question 32

What type of bias is this? When some questions may influence the response to subsequent questions. Participants may compare and judge subsequent questions based on their response to the first question, resulting in a biased and inaccurate answer.

Answer 32

Question-Order Bias

Question 33

What type of bias is this? When questions lead or prompt the participants in the direction of a probable outcome, resulting in biased answers.

Answer 33

Leading Questions and Wording Bias

Question 34

These strategies will provide what type of bias? -Consider all data obtained and analyze it with a clear and biased mind -Have an independent person analyze data -Continually re-evaluate impressions and responses -Deliberately reject pre-existing assumptions

Answer 34

Confirmation bias

Question 35

These strategies will provide what type of bias? -Consider potential bias and order the questions suitably -Ask general questions first, before moving to specific/sensitive question

Answer 35

Question-Order bias

Question 36

These strategies will provide what type of bias? -Keep questions simple -Be careful to avoid words that could introduce bias -Avoid leading questions

Answer 36

Leading Questions and Wording bias