Module 6 Practice Questions Flashcards
Throughout development, senescence is important in which of the following processes?
a) All of the options listed are correct.
b) Organogenesis.
c) Wound healing.
d) Immunity.
e) Tumor suppression.
A
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
a) The telomere hypothesis of aging hinges on the cellular/replicative senescence hypothesis of ageing.
b) An average somatic cell undergoes a maximum 75-80 cell divisions.
c) Glomerular fltration rate decreases with advanced age.
d) As we age, our kidneys don’t respond as well to antidiuretic hormone, resulting in greater water resorption into the blood.
e) Progeroid syndromes are ageing-specific diseases.
D
Epigenetic drift leads to:
a) All of the options listed are correct.
b) Cellular senescence.
c) Genomic instability.
d) Cellular apoptosis.
e) Cellular dysfunction.
A
Which of the following is NOT associated with ageing?
a) Loss of skin elasticity.
b) Increased incidence of diabetes.
c) Cerebral and neuronal atrophy.
d) Degeneration of myelin.
e) Increased elasticity of lung tissue.
E
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
a) Patients with progeroid syndromes have a normal life expectancy but display premature signs of ageing.
b) Telomeres are essential for chromosome stability.
c) We need reactive oxygen species (ROS) for cellular immunity.
d) Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a by-product of ATP production.
e) Senescence protects us against cancer.
A
The insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides, which changes the way a DNA sequence is read during translation, is referred to as a:
a) Senolytic mutation.
b) Frameshift mutation.
c) Nonsense mutation.
d) Silent mutation.
e) Missense mutation.
B
Which of the following is an enzyme that maintains the ends of chromosomes?
a) Sirtuin.
b) Telomerase.
c) Telomere.
d) Chromatin.
Caspase.
B
Cellular senescence is characterised by:
a) The malignant transformation of a cell.
b) Uncontrolled cellular differentiation.
c) Uncontrolled cellular proliferation.
d) Telomere lengthening.
e) An irreversible block in cellular proliferation.
E
Why are free-radicals likely to cause more molecular damage in an individual of advanced age?
a) Due to increased consumption of free-radicals
b) Due to increased protein misfolding within cells
c) Due to increased sensitivity of immune cells
d) Due to decreased protein production within cells
e) Due to decreased consumption of antioxidants
E
What is the maximum number of divisions that an average somatic cell can undergo?
a) >1000
b) 150-200
c) 2-3.
d) 75 -80
e) 0
D
Which of the following is NOT an epigenetic change that occurs in aged cells?
a) Eviction of histones from DNA.
b) A decrease in heterochromatin.
c) Increase in genomic instability.
d) DNA hypomethylation.
e) An increase in heterochromatin.
E
Calorie restriction:
a) Increases the incidence of chronic diseases such as diabetes.
b) Reduces lifespan.
c) Induces cellular senescence.
d) Increases the expression of sirtuins.
e) Has detrimental effects on the immune system.
D
The single major driver of ageing is:
a) Metabolic dysfunction.
b) Free radicals.
c) Epigenetic drift.
d) DNA damage.
e) A loss of stem cells.
E
A 90-year-old individual will have kidneys that are approximately 40% smaller than that of a 40-year-old individual. This can potentially lead to renal failure because:
a) Once overall kidney size decreases by 30%, the nephrons cease to function.
b) The kidneys can be overwhelmed by additional stressors, e.g. infection, and the remaining nephrons cannot cope.
c) The remaining functional tissue is not capable of performing normal filtration and nutrient resorption.
d) The nephrons have all decreased in size to compensate and are no-longer able to function at the optimal rate.
e) A 90-year-old has lost too many nephrons for their kidneys to function.
B
Dietary restriction leads to which of the following?
a) Increased DNA damage.
b) Increased longevity.
c) Increased senescence.
d) Increased GH/IGF-1 signalling.
e) Increased rates of cancer development.
B
