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HAPIB > Module 1: Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Module 1: Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main role of blood?

A

Body’s transport/distribution medium that is continuously circulated via blood vessels

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2
Q

Is blood connective tissue? If so, why?

A

Yes; liquid CT, because it consists of cells, fibres, and amorphous ground substance (AGS)

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3
Q

3 main functions of blood?

A
  1. Regulation: monitors temperature, pH, water distribution
  2. Protection: houses immune system and facilitates immune communication
  3. Transportation: transports oxygen, nutrients, gases, hormones, metabolic wastes

Acronym: RPT

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4
Q

Consistency of blood?

A

Viscous and slightly sticky, because of RBCs and plasma proteins

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5
Q

3 main components of blood?

A
  1. Plasma
  2. Buffy coat
  3. RBCs
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6
Q

Temperature of blood in the body?

A

37-38°C

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7
Q

pH of blood in the body?

A

Alkaline, with a normal pH range of 7.35-7.45

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8
Q

Volume of blood in the body?

A

Variable according to size, etc.
Typically: 4-5L in females, 5-6L in males.

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9
Q

What percent of blood is plasma?

A

55%

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10
Q

What is plasma comprised of?

A
  • 91% water
  • 7% blood proteins
  • 2% nutrients, hormones, and electrolytes
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11
Q

What percent of blood is buffy coat?

A

<1%

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12
Q

What is buffy coat comprised of?

A

WBCs and platelets

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13
Q

What percent of blood is RBCs?

A

45%

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14
Q

What is another name for RBCs?

A

Erythrocytes

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15
Q

What is another name for WBCs?

A

Leukocytes

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16
Q

Shape and size of erythryocytes?

A

Biconcave disc, diameter of 7-8µm

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17
Q

Structure of erythrocytes?

A

No nucleus or organelles; have cytosol packed with haemoglobin

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18
Q

Function of haemoglobin?

A

Oxygen transporting vehicle; carries oxygen from lungs and releases it to tissues

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19
Q

Where is haemoglobin synthesised? Why?

A

In immature RBCs, because maturation of these cells involves the loss of machinery (e.g. nucleus, organelles) for protein synthesis

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20
Q

What type of protein is haemoglobin (Hb)?

A

Metalloprotein

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21
Q

Structure of 1 haemoglobin molecule?

A

4 globulin proteins, each of which contains an Fe molecule. Each Fe binds 1 x O2 molecule, meaning Hb binds 4 x O2 molecules max.

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22
Q

Main role of leukocytes?

A

Part of the immune system, thus participate in immune responses to injury or pathogens

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23
Q

What are neutrophils?

A
  • Type of leukocyte
  • Engulf and destroy invading microorganisms by means of phagocytosis; capable of phagocytosis in low oxygen conditions
  • Increase in bacterial infections
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24
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A
  • Type of leukocyte; include T and B cells
  • Responsible for antibody production, direct cell-mediated killing of virus-infected and tumour cells, and regulation of the immune response
  • Bear receptors that bind to a specific antigen
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25
Q

What are monocytes?

A
  • Type of leukocyte
  • Differentiate into macrophages
  • Responsible for phagocytosis and presentation of antigens to lymphocytes
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26
Q

What are eosinophils?

A
  • Type of leukocyte
  • Phagocytose Ag-Ab complexes, antigens, and release enzymes
  • Increase in parasitic infections or allergies
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27
Q

What are basophils?

A
  • Type of leukocyte
  • Store heparin and histamine
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28
Q

What are platelets?

A

Fragments of megakaryocytic that are formed elements; not cells

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29
Q

Structure of platelets?

A

Disc-shaped; 2-4µm in diameter

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30
Q

Functions of platelets?

A
  • Involved in blood clotting; upon activation, adhere a platelet plug
  • Secrete: vasoconstrictors, clotting factors, growth factors, and chemical attractants
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31
Q

What proteins/clotting factors circulate in blood plasma, and what proportion do they make up? (3-4)

A
  • Albumins: 54-60%
  • Globulins: 36-38%
  • Clotting proteins: 4-7%
  • Other proteins: 1%
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32
Q

Role of albumins?

A

Primarily transport proteins; transport of steroid hormones, thyroid hormones. Also induce blood colloid osmotic pressure.

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33
Q

Role of globulins?

A

α/β: transport iron, lipids, fat-soluble vitamins
γ: antibodies, released mainly by plasma cells

34
Q

Types of clotting proteins and their main role?

A

Fibrinogen and prothrombin, which play roles in blood coagulation.

35
Q

What is haemostasis?

A

Cessation of bleeding

36
Q

Why does haemostasis occur?

A

Prevents significant blood loss after vascular injury

37
Q

Four steps of haemostasis?

A
  1. Vessel injury occurs; epithelium is ruptured
  2. Vessel spasm occurs after receiving signal of exiting blood, thus constricting and narrowing the hole
  3. Platelets adhere to injury and aggregate to form temporary plug
  4. Insoluble fibrin strands form a meshwork and blood coagulation occurs
38
Q

What is haematopoiesis?

A

Blood cell formation (‘p’ for production)

39
Q

Active formation of prothrombin?

40
Q

Insoluble version of fibrinogen?

41
Q

Where does haematopoiesis occur? Why?

A

Within red bone marrow, because this is the home of haematopoietic stem cells; heavily protected by skeleton

42
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Formation of RBCs

43
Q

What is leukopoiesis?

A

Formation of WBCs

44
Q

Lifespan of erythrocytes? When do they reach maturity?

A

120 days, then undergo apoptosis and degradation by macrophages in spleen; mature in 7 days

45
Q

Lifespan of leukocytes?

A

20 days, then undergo degradation in lymphoid organs;

46
Q

2 types of HSCs?

A

Myeloid stem cell -> RBCs, platelets, granulocytes (WBCs)
Lymphoid stem cell -> WBCs

47
Q

Universal blood donor type?

A

O-negative

48
Q

What does ABO blood group system classify types by?

A

Presence/absence of antigens on RBC surface

49
Q

Correlation between blood transfusions and blood type? Why?

A

Blood transfusions only possible when conducted between compatible blood types; otherwise, if blood types are incompatible, recipient’s blood has antibodies against foreign RBC antigens, so immune reaction occurs

50
Q

How does the ABO blood group system classify blood into types?

A

Based on the presence/absence of antigens on RBC surface

51
Q

4 main blood types?

A

A, B, AB, O

52
Q

What does the +/- sign indicate for blood types?

A

Whether or not RBCs express Rhesus protein

53
Q

Is Rh+ or Rh- more common?

A

Vast majority of people are Rh+

54
Q

What occurs if blood transfusions between incompatible blood types takes place?

A

Agglutination (RBC clumping), then haemolysis (RBC destruction via rupturing)

55
Q

Role of blood vessels?

A

Provide structures for blood to flow to and from the heart, for exchange of nutrients/wastes in tissues

56
Q

Role of arteries?

A

Take blood from heart to tissues

57
Q

Role of capillaries?

A

Site of exchange

58
Q

Role of veins?

A

Take blood from tissues to heart

59
Q

3 types of arteries?

A

Elastic, muscular, and arterioles

60
Q

4 types of veins?

A

Small, medium, large, and venules

61
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A

Most internal layer of blood vessel wall, which is common to all blood vessels

62
Q

Structure of tunica intima?

A

Endothelium (thin, simple squamous epithelium); smooth endothelial cell

63
Q

What is the tunica media?

A

Middle layer of blood vessel wall

64
Q

Which of the blood vessel wall layers is typically predominant/thickest?

A

Tunica media (especially in muscular arteries)

65
Q

Role of tunica media?

A

Responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation, and therefore changes in blood flow and blood pressure; also propulsion of blood through vessels

66
Q

Structure of tunica media?

A

Largely composed of smooth muscle fibres, as well as elastic tissue

67
Q

What is the lumen?

A

Hollow passageway through which blood flows

68
Q

What is the tunica adventitia/externa?

A

Outermost layer of blood vessel wall

69
Q

Structure of tunica adventitia?

A

Connective tissue (collagenous and elastic fibres); size varies according to amount/type of support blood vessel needs

70
Q

Role of tunica adventitia?

A

Supports, protects, and prevents over-distension of vessel wall

71
Q

Differences in arterial wall vs venous wall?

A

Arterial wall:
- Thicker, due to tunica media
- More smooth muscle
- Internal elastic membrane surrounding tunica media
Venous wall:
- Thinner
- Less smooth muscle
- No internal elastic membrane

72
Q

Correlation between lumen/vessel wall size and distance from heart?

A

Lumen/vessel wall size decreases as we move further away from the heart

73
Q

3 types of arteries?

A
  • Elastic
  • Muscular
  • Arterioles
74
Q

Characteristics of elastic arteries?

A

Thicker tunica media, interdispersed with lots of elastic fibres; large diameter and thick walls

75
Q

Location of elastic arteries? What does this mean?

A

Proximal to heart; so, subject to high pressure

76
Q

Structure of muscular arteries?

A

Rich in smooth muscle fibres; more muscle fibres than elastic fibres in tunica media, which is the predominant blood vessel layer

77
Q

Role of muscular arteries?

A

Organisation of muscle adapted for vasoconstriction and vasodilation; so, adjust rate of blood flow

78
Q

Characteristics of arteriole structure?

A
  • Smallest blood vessel where 3 tunics can still be identified
  • Thick wall relative to lumen size
79
Q

Role of arterioles?

A

Protect capillaries from bursting; so, reduce blood pressure and regulate blood flow through capillaries

80
Q

Do arteries or veins work under a lower pressure system? What does this mean?

A

Veins; so, they have proportionally thinner blood vessel walls

81
Q

What is the predominant blood vessel layer in veins?

A

Tunica adventitia

82
Q

Where are capillaries extensive?

A

In tissues of high metabolic activity (brain, muscles, liver, kidneys)

HAPIB (8 decks)

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