Module 6 Part 2

Question 1

a private organization that set up local “councils of defense,” where citizens were encouraged to spy on one another and report any anti-war or anti-American sentiment to local authorities; they also promoted rampant anti-German rhetoric and targeted immigrants

Answer 1

American Protective League

Question 2

the expression used by Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes in the case of Schenck v. United States to characterize “unprotected” types of speech, such as shouting “fire!” in a crowded theater; unprotected types of speech are not covered by the First Amendment

Answer 2

“clear and present danger”:

Question 3

the U.S. government office responsible for propaganda materials, including posters, films, leaflets, books, music, speeches, and other media intended to drum up support for the war effort and convince Americans to “do their part”

Answer 3

Committee on Public Information

Question 4

a person who refuses to register for a military draft based on a religious or philosophical belief in pacifism; some CO’s registered for “alternative service” and worked as medics or in the civilian corps, while some refused any type of service and were sent to prison

Answer 4

conscientious objector

Question 5

legislation intended to criminalize any type of public anti-war media or sentiment, including draft opposition, labor union activism (which was seen as interfering with war production), or support for the enemy

Answer 5

Espionage & Sedition Acts (1917 & 1918)

Question 6

government bureaucratic organizations created to regulate food & fuel prices, distribution, rationing, and supply chains during WWI

Answer 6

Fuel & Food Administrations:

Question 7

the legislation which allowed the U.S. government to sell liberty bonds (war bonds) as a way of raising money for the war effort

Answer 7

Liberty Loan Act

Question 8

the forerunner of the ACLU, intended to protect Americans against perceived government overreach and persecution of free speech

Answer 8

National Civil Liberties Bureau

Question 9

a government organization to regulate and coordinate railroads to move personnel and supplies around the nation in preparation for sending them to Europe

Answer 9

Railroad Administration

Question 10

legislation requiring every American man to register for a draft and authorizing the enlargement of the U.S. military by conscription

Answer 10

Selective Service Act (1917):

Question 11

a government board created to coordinate those economic industries which contributed to the war effort, such as munitions factories, automobile factories, shipyards, trains, etc.

Answer 11

War Industries Board

Question 12

a member of the all-Black 93rd Infantry Division which was assigned to the French Army, Stowers was recommended for the Medal of Honor for his actions during an attack on a German machine-gun nest, however, the medal was not processed and awarded until 1991

Answer 12

Corporal Freddie Stowers

Question 13

a nickname for the decorated, all-Black 369th Infantry, which served on the frontlines of France for six months with the French Army, longer than any other American unit, and earned 171 French medals for their bravery

Answer 13

Harlem Hellfighters

Question 14

an organization started by Black WWI veterans who were angered by the racism they experienced upon their return to the U.S. after the war; they hoped to lobby for an end to Jim Crow laws and other discriminative practices

Answer 14

League for Democracy

Question 15

the first American soldier to receive the French military honor the Croix de Guerre, along with 170 other members of his unit

Answer 15

Pvt. Henry Johnson:

Question 16

the events of the summer of 1919, where race riots erupted across the U.S. in response to the poor treatment of Black veterans returning from WWI and Black families relocating for better economic opportunities as part of the Great Migration

Answer 16

Red Summer

Question 17

an organization where women stepped in to take over agricultural management and production activities while men were involved in the military

Answer 17

Women’s Land Army of America

Question 18

enacted Prohibition, which made illegal the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors

Answer 18

18th Amendment:

Question 19

made it illegal to prevent an American citizen from voting on the basis of their sex

Answer 19

19th Amendment:

Question 20

or AFL, an early labor union that advocated for better working conditions, a shorter standard work day, and higher wages

Answer 20

American Federation of Labor:

Question 21

the process of negotiating for better labor conditions, wages, and other benefits that takes place between an employer and their workers, usually with a labor union as the workers’ representative

Answer 21

collective bargaining

Question 22

the campaign for a ban on the sale and manufacturing of alcoholic beverages, which came to fruition during the war, bolstered by anti-German sentiment and a call to preserve resources for the war effort

Answer 22

prohibition

Question 23

labor activist and head of the AFL who helped negotiate with President Wilson for the “no-strike pledge” agreement which brought benefits to American workers

Answer 23

Samuel Gompers

Question 24

legislation passed to enforce Prohibition as criminal law

Answer 24

Volstead Act: