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A Level-Physics > Module 6 Part 2 > Flashcards

Module 6 Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a nucleon

A

A nucleon is a particle within the nucleus of an atom-a proton or neutron

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2
Q

What is nucleon number the same as

A

Atomic mass

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3
Q

What is the proton number the same as

A

Atomic number

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4
Q

What is the strong nuclear force and give some features of it

A

The force that keeps protons together
-it can only be experienced when the particles are very very close together and both positive
-transmitted by gluons which have very short half lives
-it is attractive between 1 and 3 fm and repulsive less than 0.75 fm

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5
Q

What is a fundamental particle + examples

A

A fundamental particle is a particle which cannot be broken down further.
Electrons
Positrons
Quarks (any)

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6
Q

What are the six types of quarks

A

Up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom

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7
Q

What are the 3 types of leptons

A

Electron, muon, tau (all have neutrino counterparts)

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8
Q

What are hadrons

A

Hadrons are any particle that is affected by the strong nuclear force

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9
Q

What are leptons

A

Leptons are any particle which are NOT affected by the strong nuclear force

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10
Q

What are the three fundamental particle families

A

Quarks, leptons and bosons

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11
Q

What are the two types of hadrons

A

Baryons and mesons

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12
Q

What is a baryon + example

A

A baryon is any particle made up of 3 quarks e.g. proton, neutron

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13
Q

What is a meson

A

A meson is any particle made up of a quark and an antiquark

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14
Q

What is the quark structure of a proton

A

up up down

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15
Q

What is the structure of a neutron

A

up down down

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16
Q

What happens when a particle and its antiparticle counterpart come into contact

A

They annihilate each other

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17
Q

What are the three types of radiation

A

Alpha, beta and gamma

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18
Q

What is alpha radiation and what are the features of it

A

Alpha radiation is a helium nucleus
Low penetrative power
High ionising power
Stopped by sheet of paper

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19
Q

What is beta radiation and what are the features of it

A

Beta radiation is a free electron
Medium penetrative power
Medium ionising power
Stopped by 1-10mm of aluminium

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20
Q

What is gamma radiation and what are the features of it

A

Gamma radiation is a high frequency EM wave
High penetrative
Low ionising power
Stopped by lead

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21
Q

What is transmutation

A

The process of an unstable isotope releasing energy and matter and often creating a new element

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22
Q

What is the names of the before and after isotopes in transmutation

A

Parent and daughter nuclei

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23
Q

What is a decay chain (decay series)

A

When a nucleus has to decay multiple times to become stable

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24
Q

What is activity and what is it measured in

A

Activity is the rate at which radioactive source emits radiation
Measured in becquerels

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25
Q

What are the two adjectives used to describe radiation

A

Spontaneous, random

26
Q

What does spontaneous mean in relation to radioactivity

A

The decay of the nuclei is not affected by the presence of
other nuclei
external factors

27
Q

What does random mean in relation to radioactivity

A

Each nucleus has an equal chance of decaying
cannot predict which one will decay next

28
Q

What is half life

A

Half life is the time taken for half of the sample to decay

29
Q

What is decay constant

A

The probability of decay per unit time for a nucleus of a specific material

30
Q

What is radioactive dating and give an example

A

A method of dating a material by observing the number of radioisotopes in the sample with a known half life
For example carbon dating uses carbon 14 (half life of 5730 years) to date organic matter by observing how many carbon 14 isotopes are present and using this to calculate the age

31
Q

What are three factors that can skew carbon dating data

A

Increased carbon due to global warming
Volcanic eruptions or natural disasters
Testing of nuclear bombs

32
Q

What is binding energy

A

Binding energy is the energy required to separate nucleons from each other

33
Q

What is mass defect and explain it

A

The mass defect is the difference in mass between a whole nucleus and its constituent nucleons
It is there due to energy being added to the system to overcome the binding energy and therefore adding mass due to the equation E=mc^2

34
Q

What is the difference between nuclear fission and fusion

A

Fission=splitting of nucleus
Fusion=merging of nuclei

35
Q

What is induced fission

A

When a nucleus becomes unstable upon having another particle absorbed into it

36
Q

What is the name of a neutron slow enough to be absorbed by a nucleus

A

Thermal neutron

37
Q

In a nuclear fission reactor, what are control rods, fuel rods and moderator used for

A

Control rods: absorbs excess neutrons so chain reaction does not get out of hand
Fuel rods: provides fissile material to begin reaction
Moderator: slows down output neutrons enough so that they can begin another reaction

38
Q

What is an X-ray

A

An X-ray is a photon of electro magnetic radiation and it is of short wavelength and high energy

39
Q

What is a non-invasive technique

A

A technique were the patient does not need to be harmed

40
Q

What is the film on an X ray made of

A

Silver halide crystals

41
Q

What is collimation and attenuation

A

Collimation=when spread out beams are all set parallel and in the same direction
Attenuation=when beams are partially absorbed meaning there intensity decreases

42
Q

What are the four types of attenuation and there energy levels

A

Simple scatter-1-20 KeV
Photoelectric effect-30-100 KeV
Compton scattering-0.5-500 MeV
Pair production->1.02 MeV

43
Q

Explain simple scatter attenuation

A

The x-ray strikes an electron and then is scattered away in a different direction

44
Q

Explain photoelectric effect attenuation

A

An X-ray photon gives an electron enough energy to leave the atom and in a one-to-one interaction

45
Q

Explain Compton scattering attenuation

A

The x-ray photon undergoes the photoelectric effect but still has residual energy which is spread out at a reduced frequency (simple scatter)

46
Q

Explain pair production attenuation

A

When the photon has enough energy it converts into mass which is described by einstiens equation E=mc^2
however as charge must be conserved it created an electron positron pair

47
Q

What are the three things the intensity after attenuation depend on

A

Energy of photons before-initial intensity
Thickness of substance permeated-in m
Type of substance-attenuation co efficient

48
Q

What is the element used in gamma cameras and what is it decayed from

A

Technetium which is decayed from molybdenum

49
Q

What is the compound of crystals that absorb energy from gamma rays and convert them into light

A

Sodium iodide

50
Q

What are the three layers of the gamma camera and briefly explain

A

1-collimator-lead ‘straws’ only allow parallel beams to pass through
2-scintillator-sodium iodide crystals convert gamma photons to visible light photons by absorbing energy
3-receiving layer-a handful of receivers record the ratio of how much light they catch and then use this data to pinpoint the location of the source and then photomultiplier tubes convert this to an electrical signal

51
Q

What does PET stand for

A

Positron emission tomography

52
Q

Briefly explain how PET scanning works

A

A radioisotope tracer is injected into the patient which emits positrons
The positrons will inevitably encounter electrons after not very long
When they do they will annihilate and created a pair of photons
Depending on what the doctor is looking for they will insert different tracers which will be absorbed by different things more

53
Q

What is ultrasound

A

Sound which has frequency over 20,000 Hz

54
Q

What is the name of the crystals used in ultrasound transducers (piezoelectric)

A

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT)

55
Q

What is the difference between ultrasound A scan and ultrasound B scan

A

Ultrasound A-in one dimension and used for things like the eye
Ultrasound B-in many dimensions built up using ultrasound A scans used for pregnancy screening etc.

56
Q

What is a coupling medium

A

A substance (usually gel) which is the same density as what the ultrasound wave is entering to avoid interference at the boundary between the air and the object

57
Q

What is acoustic impedance

A

The resistance of a material to the propagation of ultrasound waves

58
Q

What is the equation for reflection co efficient

A

α=(Z₂-Z₁)^2/(Z₂+Z₁)^2

59
Q

What is Doppler imaging

A

The imaging technique used for blood where the elongation or condensing of the wavelengths of the blood’s compressions indicates if the blood is moving towards or away from the observer

60
Q

What is the Doppler imaging formula and state variables

A

Δf/f = 2Vcosθ/c
Where
f=original frequency
Δf=difference in original and received frequency
θ=angle between blood vessel and transducer
c=speed of ultrasound
v=speed of blood

61
Q

What is the conditions needed for nuclear fusion

A

Very hot (high kinetic energy)
Very high pressure (increase chance of collisions)

A Level-Physics (8 decks)

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