Module 6: Environmental Policy and Sustainable Development Flashcards

1
Q

People who involve in _ like those of 350.org (see Case Study) strive to influence public policy. They try to find on how to shape the rules or decisions that influence how we act, as individuals and as a society. There are policies to protect property, individual rights, public health, and other priorities on a _. International policies and agreements set international trade in _ or _.

A

public actions
national level
hazardous chemicals or endangered species

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2
Q

The _ has something to do about the rules.

A

environmental policy

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3
Q

It includes policies, practices, and laws designed to protect human health and well-being, environmental quality, and natural resources.

A

Environmental Policy

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4
Q

The safety of drinking water, air, and food are protected by laws developed by past generations of _ and _. _ also protect access to public waterways and public lands. We overlook these rules, and we take these protections for granted most of the time.

A

voters and policymakers
Laws

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5
Q

Environmental Policy
In a democratic system, these policies are recognized through _ and _.

A

negotiation and compromise

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6
Q

Environmental Policy
_ agrees that all voices be heard, and policy decisions encourage collective well-being.

A

Open deliberation

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7
Q

Environmental Policy
_ protect policies they think will value their constituents.

However, ideally, _ need to be reasonably palatable to a majority of voters to pass a vote.

A

Elected representatives

rules

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8
Q

What drives policymaking?
_ and _ certainly control much of our policymaking.

A

Power and influence

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9
Q

What drives policymaking?
_ , _, and _ often have disproportionate access to lawmakers.

A

Economic interest groups, industry associations, and dominant individuals

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10
Q

What drives policymaking?
Public interest groups work to gain similar access by:

A

• developing broad support
• bringing citizens together to write letters or meet with legislators
• drawing attention to a cause or an issue

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11
Q

What drives policymaking?
Even though _ is always present in politics, _ is also a powerful force. Unselfish and community-oriented impulses are widespread, as shown by actions of groups like 350.org. These motivations are evident in many of our current public policies like the Clean Air Act (R.A. 8749), the Clean Water Act (R.A. 9275), the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (R.A. 9003), and many other environmental laws that defend _ and _.

A

self-interest
public citizenship
public interests and collective well-being

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12
Q

What drives policymaking?
_ for environmental quality often have had far-reaching effects.

A

Citizen movements

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13
Q

Citizen movements for environmental quality often have had far-reaching effects. For example:

Environmental protests helped precipitate the collapse of the _ in _, when political dissent was not allowed, but environmental demonstrations were acceptable

A

Soviet Union
1992

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14
Q

Citizen movements for environmental quality often have had far-reaching effects. For example:

In _ had _ public events to protest pollution, environmental health issues, and other abuses. A campaign led by artists, students, and writers blocked government plans for a series of _ large dams on the _ in mountainous southwestern China, an area of extraordinary biological and cultural diversity. There are now _ social and environmental organizations in China, and for the first time, they have officially recognized status.

A

2010 China
more than 100,000
13
Nu River
more than 2,000

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15
Q

_ is ongoing and cyclic

A

Policy creation

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16
Q

Policy creation is ongoing and cyclic

Policy development as a cycle is often described:

A

Identify problem
Set Agenda
Develop Proposals
Build support
Enact law or rule
Implement Policy
Evaluate results
Suggest changes

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17
Q

Policy creation is ongoing and cyclic

• A problem is _, usually by concerned groups of citizens or interest groups.
• There are new rules that are _, plans to resolve the problem are developed through _.
• _ is built to gather votes for the new rule.
• If the rule is agreed to, then it is _.
• _ then leads to the identification of flaws in the rule, and the cycle starts again.
• The central to policy development is to _. Supports often do _, _, and _.

A

identified
proposed, discussion
Popular support
implemented
Evaluation
build support
media campaigns, public education, and personal lobbying of decision-makers

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18
Q

Policy creation is ongoing and cyclic

Often groups hire a _ who can dedicate weeks, months, or even years to develop the support of legislators. They may spend millions of dollars on campaigns to convince the public to support a particular view on a public policy issue.

A

lobbyist

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19
Q

Policy creation is ongoing and cyclic

The _ is a path through which rules are developed, enacted, tested, and revised.

A

policy cycle

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20
Q

Policy creation is ongoing and cyclic

The next step in a policy cycle is _, or carrying out the new rules. Preferably, government agencies indeed carry out _ as they offer services and implement rules and regulations. _ is needed to make sure the government enforces its own rules. Many of our worst problems in air pollution, and related respiratory ailments, for example, could be controlled if we enforced existing air quality rules more effectively.

A

implementation
policy directives
Persistent public attention

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21
Q

Policy creation is ongoing and cyclic

It almost regularly requires reevaluation and enhancement after time, once a rule is enacted. It is necessary to “_” a law, or vote again to continue a law to expire after a designated number of years.

A

reauthorize

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22
Q

The cornerstone of the Philippine Environmental Policy is the _, series of _ or the so-called _ was signed into law by _, and taking effect on _.

A

Presidential Decree No. 1152
1977
Philippine Environment Code
President Ferdinand E. Marcos
June 6, 1977

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23
Q

P.D. 1152 does three essential things:

A

(1) it serves as a framework in the launching of a comprehensive program of environmental protection and management
(2) the achievement and maintenance of such levels of air quality as to protect public health; and
(3) the prevention of the greatest extent practicable, injury and damage to plant and animal life and property, and promote the social and economic development of the country

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24
Q

_ regulates air emissions.

A

The Clean Air Act of 1999 (R.A. 8749)

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25
Q

The law aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the National Air Quality guideline values for criteria pollutants, throughout the Philippines, while minimizing the possible associated impacts on the economy.

A

The Clean Air Act of 1999 (R.A. 8749)

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26
Q

The Economic Burden of Air Pollution Economic costs of air pollution from fossil fuels as a share of GDP in 2018

China -
Brazil -

A

6.6%
0.8%

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26
Q

_ protects surface water.

A

The Clean Water Act of 2004 (R.A. 9275)

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27
Q

The law aims to protect the country’s water bodies from pollution from land-based sources (industries and commercial establishments, agriculture, and community/household activities)

A

The Clean Water Act of 2004 (R.A. 9275)

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28
Q

It provides a comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through a multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all the stakeholders.

A

The Clean Water Act of 2004 (R.A. 9275)

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29
Q

_ protects wildlife.

A

The Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2001 (R.A. 9147)

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30
Q

This law aims to conserve and protect the country’s wildlife resources and their habitats, appropriating funds for promoting ecological balance and enhancing biological diversity. Further, it focuses on the regulation of the collection and trade of wildlife.

A

The Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2001 (R.A. 9147)

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31
Q

It also strives to pursue, with due regard to the national interest, the Philippine commitment to international conventions, protection of wildlife and their habitats, and the initiation or support of scientific studies on the conservation of biological diversity

A

The Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2001 (R.A. 9147)

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32
Q

_ addresses hazardous sites.

A

The Toxic Substances, Hazardous, and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990 (R.A. 6969)

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33
Q

The law aims to regulate or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale, distribution, use, and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures that present an unreasonable risk to human health.

A

The Toxic Substances, Hazardous, and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990 (R.A. 6969)

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34
Q

It likewise prohibits the entry, even in transit, of hazardous and nuclear wastes and their disposal into the Philippine territorial limits for whatever purpose; and to provide advancement and facilitate research and studies on toxic chemicals.

A

The Toxic Substances, Hazardous, and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990 (R.A. 6969)

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35
Q

The _ was established in 1978 with the enactment of Presidential Decree No. 1586

A

Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) System

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36
Q

facilitate the attainment
and maintenance of the
balance between socio-
economic development and
environmental protection

A

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)

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37
Q

_ is a planning and management tool that will support the government, decision makers, and the affected community. The proponents address the negative consequences or risks of the environment. The process assures the implementation of environment-friendly projects.

A

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

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38
Q

_ as amended by the
_, otherwise known as the _, an act is declaring protected areas and providing for their management, and other purposes.

A

The National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992 (R.A. 7586)

Republic Act No. 11038

Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas Systems Act of 2018

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39
Q

_, an Act providing for the development, management, and conservation of the fisheries and aquatic resources, integrating all laws pertaining to that, and other purposes.

A

The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 (R.A. 8550)

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40
Q

International Environmental Policies

More than _ treaties and conventions over the past _ years have been conveyed to protect our global environment.

A

170
25

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41
Q

International Environmental Policies

From regulating activities ranging from _ to _, _, _, _, and _, and these agreements theoretically cover almost every aspect of human impacts.

A

intercontinental shipping of hazardous waste
deforestation, overfishing, trade in endangered species, global warming, and wetland protection

42
Q

Major International Meetings

One of the first of these was the _ in _, which set an agenda for subsequent meetings. This conference gathered representatives of _ countries and several dozen non-governmental organizations.

A

1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment
Stockholm
113

43
Q

Major International Meetings

A much larger gathering was the “_” _ years later. This meeting was held in _ in _ and was officially called the _. This time over _ nations participated, as well as _ non-governmental organizations.

A

Earth Summit
20
Rio de Janeiro
1992
UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)
110
2,400

44
Q

Major International Meetings

The _ meeting was such a watershed event that it was repeated in _, on its _ anniversary.

The _ document from the first Rio meeting has laid out principles of sustainability and equity that have guided much policymaking since 1992.

A

Rio
2012
20th
Agenda 21

45
Q

Important International Treaties

A

Ramsar
Heritage
CITES
CMS
Ozone
Basel
CBD
UNFCCC
CCD

46
Q

Important International Treaties

Ramsar :

Year Held:
Year Enacted:

A

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat

1971
1975

47
Q

Important International Treaties

Heritage :

Year Held:
Year Enacted:

A

Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage

1972
1975

48
Q

Important International Treaties

CITES :

Year Held:
Year Enacted:

A

Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

1973
1987

49
Q

Important International Treaties

CMS :

Year Held:
Year Enacted:

A

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals

1979
1983

50
Q

Important International Treaties

Ozone :

Year Held:
Year Enacted:

A

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

1985
1988

51
Q

Important International Treaties

Basel :

Year Held:
Year Enacted:

A

Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal

1989
1992

52
Q

Important International Treaties

CBD :

Year Held:
Year Enacted:

A

Convention on Biological Diversity

1992
1993

53
Q

Important International Treaties

UNFCCC :

Year Held:
Year Enacted:

A

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

1992
1994

54
Q

Important International Treaties

CCD :

Year Held:
Year Enacted:

A

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and Desertification, Particularly in Africa

1994
1996

55
Q

The _ (_, _) declared that wild flora and fauna are valuable, irreplaceable, and threatened by human activities.

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES, 1973)

56
Q

It maintains a list of threatened and endangered species that may be affected by trade to protect disappearing species.

A

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES, 1973)

57
Q

The _ (_) protects stratospheric ozone, committed participants’ signatories to phase out the production and use of several chemicals that break down ozone in the atmosphere.

A

Montreal Protocol (1987)

58
Q

The _ was useful because it bound signatory nations not to purchase CFCs or products made using them from countries that refused to ratify the treaty.

A

Montreal Protocol

59
Q

The _ (_) restricts shipment of hazardous waste across boundaries.

A

Basel Convention (1992)

60
Q

The objective of this convention, which has 172 signatories, is to protect health and the environment.

A

Basel Convention (1992)

61
Q

“Hazardous wastes should be
disposed of in the states that
generated them.”

A

Basel Convention (1992)

62
Q

Parties are also required to minimize the production of hazardous materials and to ensure that there are safe disposal facilities within their boundaries.

A

Basel Convention (1992)

63
Q

The Basel Convention was enhanced by the _ (_), which places similar restrictions on unauthorized transboundary shipment of industrial chemicals and pesticides.

A

Rotterdam Convention (1997)

64
Q

The _ (_) leads governments to share data on climate change.

A

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1994)

65
Q

The _ leads governments to share data on climate change, improve national plans for directing greenhouse gases, and collaborate to adapt to climate change.

A

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1994)

66
Q

The _ encouraged a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the _ set-prime targets for signatories to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to less than 1990 levels by 2012. It sets tighter restrictions on industrial countries that are responsible for roughly 90 percent of GHG emissions up to the present, and this made the protocol controversial than for developing countries.

A

UNFCCC
Kyoto Protocol (1997)

67
Q

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1994)

Signatories are required to report their GHG emissions in order to document changes in their production. The _ remained the only signatory that has not ratified the Kyoto framework. _ ratified it in 2002, but then the conservative government of _ withdrew its consent. A sequence of meetings has repeatedly failed to reach substantive solutions, although incremental agreements have been made. Recent meetings, for example, have produced agreements in principle that wealthy countries should aid poorer countries in developing alternative energy strategies and in reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.

A

United States
Canada
Stephen Harper

68
Q

Enforcement often relies on national pride

Enforcement of international agreements frequently depends on how many countries care about their international reputation. However, most countries also are reluctant to appear irresponsible or immoral in the eyes of the international community, so _ and _ can be effective enforcement strategies.

A

moral persuasion and public embarrassment

69
Q

Enforcement often relies on national pride

However, national pride can also stand in the way of species protection. In 2010, Japan almost singlehandedly derailed _ protection for bluefin tuna, even though these beautiful, highly evolved, longlived top predators, are now at less than 15 percent of historic levels. They may already be headed for extinction. Part of Japan’s objections to fishing limits is that they do not like to be told what they can or cannot eat. Economics also plays a role. In 2012 a single 593-pound (263 kg) bluefin tuna caught off northeastern Japan fetched a record $736,000 (56.49 million yen), or about $1,238 per pound, at the first auction of the year at Tokyo’s Tsukiji market.

Often international negotiators aim for unanimous agreement to ensure strong acceptance of international policies. While this approach makes for a strong agreement, a single recalcitrant nation can have veto power over the vast majority’s wishes.

A

CITES

70
Q

What Can You Do?

Everyone can participate …
• _ help develop environmental laws.
• _ develop technologies to clean up pollution.
• _ and _ evaluate the costs of pollution and resource depletion and develop solutions.

A

Lawyers
Engineers
Economists
social scientists

71
Q

What Can You Do?

Actions to influence environmental policy:

A
  1. Contact your elected representatives regularly and tell them what you think about policy matters.
  2. Vote.
  3. Encourage others to vote.
  4. Join civic organizations to multiply the power of your voice.
  5. Practice leadership locally—join student governance groups or community groups, attend city council meetings, organize activities in your neighborhood.
  6. Apply your education: Become an environmental scientist, journalist, artist, engineer, or other practitioners.
  7. Find creative ways to build sustainability into any job you do: Encourage recycling, smart energy conservation, and other practices.
  8. Practice conservation at home: Drive less, walk more, avoid disposable goods, air-dry your clothes, eat a little less meat, avoid watering your lawn, buy efficient appliances.
  9. Stay informed: Read the paper, listen to the news, and not just the weather and murder reports.
  10. Go outside and learn about your local environment.
72
Q

What Can You Do?

_ and _ are powerful catalysts for change

A

Colleges and universities

73
Q

What Can You Do?

_ is also a method, and students can engage and gain experience. Explore what kind of plan the university has. If one exists, it may need updating. If none exists, then perhaps one can help start writing one. Many institutions also have greenhouse gas reduction plans. Working on one can teach a great deal about both technology and policymaking.

A

Campus sustainability planning

74
Q

What Can You Do?

If a student is apprehensive about a career in environmental law, policy, journalism, or other fields related, getting involved in _ is an excellent way to build knowledge and experience. Many of today’s environmental and political leaders gained experience in policy, leadership, and organizing by working with _. These activities can be as informative, and life-changing as the courses are taken because they can give the experience of being in charge and making decisions.

A

student groups

75
Q

How much is enough?

• The final step an individual
can take

A

Think about consumption

76
Q

How much is enough?

A century ago, economist and social critic _ wrote _, where he coined the term conspicuous consumption. He used the term to describe things we buy to impress others, things we do not want. _ ideas are more relevant today than ever. Some social critics call this _. They work frantically at an unfulfilling job, to buy things they do not need, so they can save time to work even longer hours.

A

Thorstein Veblen
The Theory of the Leisure Class
Veblen’s
accelerated consumerism affluenza

77
Q

How much is enough?

Choosing to _ can be an easy way to reduce your global environmental footprint and save money—Cook simple foods with friends instead of eating prepared foods. Produce a garden. Employ less time shopping and more time talking and having fun with family and friends. Although individual choices may make a small effect, collectively, they have global consequences.

A

consume less

78
Q

United Nations
Intergovernmental organization tasked with:

A

 maintaining international peace and security
 developing friendly relations among nations
 achieving international co-operation
 being a center for harmonizing the
actions of nations.

79
Q

Held to address issues
concerning environmental
protection and socio-economic
development.

A

The Earth Summit (1992) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

80
Q

“meeting the needs of the present
without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet
their own needs.”

A

Sustainable Development
according to
Gro Harlem Brundtland

81
Q

17 Sustainable Development Goals

A
  1. No Poverty
  2. Zero Hunger
  3. Good Health and Well-being
  4. Quality Education
  5. Gender Equality
  6. Clean Water and Sanitation
  7. Affordable and Clean Energy
  8. Decent Work and Economic Growth
  9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
  10. Reduced Inequalities
  11. Sustainable Cities and Communities
  12. Responsible Consumption and Production
  13. Climate Action
  14. Life Below Water
  15. Life on Land
  16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions
  17. Partnerships for the Goals
82
Q

Components of Sustainability:

A

Environmental
Economic
Social

83
Q

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments

A
  1. Combating Poverty
  2. Reducing Resource Consumption
  3. Population Growth
  4. Health Care
  5. Sustainable Cities
  6. Environmental Policy
  7. Protection of the Atmosphere
  8. Combating Desertification and Drought
  9. Combating Deforestation and Protecting Biodiversities
  10. Agriculture and Rural Development
84
Q

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments

A central goal because poverty reduces access to health care, education, and other essential components of development.

A
  1. Combating Poverty
85
Q

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments

More consumption, more pressure. Less consumption, less pressure to our environment.

A
  1. Reducing Resource Consumption
86
Q

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments

leads to ever-greater resource demands, because all people need some resources.

A
  1. Population Growth
87
Q

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments

Especially for children and mothers, is essential for a productive life.

A
  1. Health Care
88
Q

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments

are key because over half of humanity now lives in cities

A
  1. Sustainable Cities
89
Q

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments

needs to guide decision making in local and national governments, to ensure that environmental quality is protected before it gets damaged, and to set agreed-upon rules for resource use.

A
  1. Environmental Policy
90
Q

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments

essential for minimizing the rate of climate change and for reducing impacts of air pollution on people,
plants, and infrastructure

A
  1. Protection of the Atmosphere
91
Q

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments

through better management of water resources, can save farms, ecosystems, and lives.

A
  1. Combating Desertification and Drought
92
Q

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments

go together because much of the world’s biodiversity is in forests

A
  1. Combating Deforestation and Protecting Biodiversities
93
Q

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments

Improving conditions for billions of rural people, can help reduce populations in urban slums.

A
  1. Agriculture and Rural Development
94
Q

• Poverty rates were reduced by _
(over a billion still live in extreme poverty)
• Child mortality was reduced by _
• _ in education in
Southern Asia
• Treatment for _

A

50%
half
Gender equality
infectious diseases

95
Q

• _ among children remains high
• _ is still widespread
• _ for development has not kept pace with needs
• _ continue to rise
• Continued _ and _

A

Poverty
Hunger
Global financial assistance
Greenhouse gas emissions
deforestation and biodiversity losses

96
Q

It is expected to cost _ per year to develop renewable energy sources, stop soil erosion, protect ecosystems, control population growth, and provide a decent standard of living for the world’s poor. It is a great deal of money, but it is small compared to over _ or more per year spent on wars and military equipment

A

$350 billion
$1 trillion

97
Q

The Challenges of Sustainable Developments

_ implies that growth can be based on non-consumptive activities, such as education or arts, and on carefully managed renewable resources, such as soils, forests, and fisheries

A

Sustainable development

98
Q

The Challenges of Sustainable Developments

Sustainable development is a global priority because _ is at the core of many of the world’s most pressing human problems: hunger, child mortality, migrations, insurrections, and environmental degradation. One way to alleviate _ is to foster economic growth so that there can be a more significant share for everyone. In recent years, economic growth has been dramatic in many developing areas. Increased consumption of fossil fuels and minerals and the destruction of biodiversity have driven most of this growth. This growth has also helped support educated middle classes who can fight for cleaner air and water and better environmental management.

A

poverty

99
Q

The Challenges of Sustainable Developments
UN Millennium Development Goals provided benchmarks

There has been a sequence of global efforts toward sustainable development. In _ the _ provided a definition of “sustainable development” in the report Our Common Future. The core of the definition was “meeting the needs of the present without compromising future generations’ ability to meet their own needs.” In _, UN secretary-general _ called for a millennium assessment of the consequences of ecosystem change on human wellbeing and the scientific basis for actions to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of those systems. This work produced the _, a set of discrete, quantifiable targets for poverty alleviation, education, health, and other measures of well-being by 2015. Since 2015, the UN has defined a new set of Sustainable Development Goals to build on the Millennium Goals.

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1987
World Commission on Environment and Development

2000
Kofi Annan

Millennium Development Goals

100
Q

Millennium Development Goals

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  1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger.
    a) Cut by half the proportion of people living on less than 1 dollar/day
    b) Reduce by half the proportion of hungry people
  2. Achieve universal primary education.
    a) Ensure that all boys and girls complete primary schools
  3. Promote gender equality and empowering women
    a) Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2015
  4. Reduce child mortality
    a) Reduce by two-thirds the mortality rate among children under 5.
  5. Improve maternal health
    a) Reduce by three-quarters the maternal mortality ratio.
  6. Combat HIV/Aids, Malaria, and other diseases.
    a) Halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/Aids.
    b) Halt and begin to reverse the spread of malaria and other major diseases.
  7. Ensure environmental sustainability
    a) Integrate the principles of sustainable development into policies and programs; reverse the loss of environmental resources.
    b) Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water.
    c) Improve the lives of 100 million slum dwellers by 2020.
  8. Develop a global partnership for development
    a) Develop further an open trading and financial system that is rule-based, predictable, and nondiscriminatory, including good governance, development, and poverty reduction
    b) Address the least developed countries’ individual needs. Develop tariffs free and quota-free access for their exports, enhance debt relief for heavily indebted developing countries.
101
Q

The Challenges of Sustainable Developments

Remarkably, a great deal of progress was achieved on most of the eight main Millennium Development Goals. UN secretary-general _ called these goals the most successful global anti-poverty push in history. Millennium Development Goals have demonstrated that focused global development objectives can make a profound difference,” he said. These are some of the notable points achieved by 2015

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Ban Ki-Moon

102
Q

The Challenges of Sustainable Developments

The target of halving poverty rates was achieved. However, over a billion people still live in extreme poverty child mortality rates reduced by half, with especially dramatic improvements for children under five years old. Gender equality in education has been attained in Southern Asia and other regions, although girls still face obstacles to education in many regions. In _ countries, women now hold at least _ percent of seats in at least one chamber of national parliaments. Treatment for infectious diseases, including malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS, has saved _ of millions of lives

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46
30
tens

103
Q

The Challenges of Sustainable Developments

Despite successes , there remains considerable room for progress. Poverty among children remains high, hunger is still widespread, and global financial assistance for development has not kept pace with needs. Perhaps most dire are failures to meet environmental targets. The greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, along with deforestation and biodiversity losses. Improving access to _ and _ are likely to be essential parts of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. It is expected to cost $350 billion per year to develop renewable energy sources, stop soil erosion, protect ecosystems, control population growth, and provide a decent standard of living for the world’s poor. It is a great deal of money, but it is small compared to over $1 trillion or more per year spent on wars and military equipment.

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renewable energy
environmental protection assistance