Module 6: Environmental Policy and Sustainable Development Flashcards
People who involve in _ like those of 350.org (see Case Study) strive to influence public policy. They try to find on how to shape the rules or decisions that influence how we act, as individuals and as a society. There are policies to protect property, individual rights, public health, and other priorities on a _. International policies and agreements set international trade in _ or _.
public actions
national level
hazardous chemicals or endangered species
The _ has something to do about the rules.
environmental policy
It includes policies, practices, and laws designed to protect human health and well-being, environmental quality, and natural resources.
Environmental Policy
The safety of drinking water, air, and food are protected by laws developed by past generations of _ and _. _ also protect access to public waterways and public lands. We overlook these rules, and we take these protections for granted most of the time.
voters and policymakers
Laws
Environmental Policy
In a democratic system, these policies are recognized through _ and _.
negotiation and compromise
Environmental Policy
_ agrees that all voices be heard, and policy decisions encourage collective well-being.
Open deliberation
Environmental Policy
_ protect policies they think will value their constituents.
However, ideally, _ need to be reasonably palatable to a majority of voters to pass a vote.
Elected representatives
rules
What drives policymaking?
_ and _ certainly control much of our policymaking.
Power and influence
What drives policymaking?
_ , _, and _ often have disproportionate access to lawmakers.
Economic interest groups, industry associations, and dominant individuals
What drives policymaking?
Public interest groups work to gain similar access by:
• developing broad support
• bringing citizens together to write letters or meet with legislators
• drawing attention to a cause or an issue
What drives policymaking?
Even though _ is always present in politics, _ is also a powerful force. Unselfish and community-oriented impulses are widespread, as shown by actions of groups like 350.org. These motivations are evident in many of our current public policies like the Clean Air Act (R.A. 8749), the Clean Water Act (R.A. 9275), the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (R.A. 9003), and many other environmental laws that defend _ and _.
self-interest
public citizenship
public interests and collective well-being
What drives policymaking?
_ for environmental quality often have had far-reaching effects.
Citizen movements
Citizen movements for environmental quality often have had far-reaching effects. For example:
Environmental protests helped precipitate the collapse of the _ in _, when political dissent was not allowed, but environmental demonstrations were acceptable
Soviet Union
1992
Citizen movements for environmental quality often have had far-reaching effects. For example:
In _ had _ public events to protest pollution, environmental health issues, and other abuses. A campaign led by artists, students, and writers blocked government plans for a series of _ large dams on the _ in mountainous southwestern China, an area of extraordinary biological and cultural diversity. There are now _ social and environmental organizations in China, and for the first time, they have officially recognized status.
2010 China
more than 100,000
13
Nu River
more than 2,000
_ is ongoing and cyclic
Policy creation
Policy creation is ongoing and cyclic
Policy development as a cycle is often described:
Identify problem
Set Agenda
Develop Proposals
Build support
Enact law or rule
Implement Policy
Evaluate results
Suggest changes
Policy creation is ongoing and cyclic
• A problem is _, usually by concerned groups of citizens or interest groups.
• There are new rules that are _, plans to resolve the problem are developed through _.
• _ is built to gather votes for the new rule.
• If the rule is agreed to, then it is _.
• _ then leads to the identification of flaws in the rule, and the cycle starts again.
• The central to policy development is to _. Supports often do _, _, and _.
identified
proposed, discussion
Popular support
implemented
Evaluation
build support
media campaigns, public education, and personal lobbying of decision-makers
Policy creation is ongoing and cyclic
Often groups hire a _ who can dedicate weeks, months, or even years to develop the support of legislators. They may spend millions of dollars on campaigns to convince the public to support a particular view on a public policy issue.
lobbyist
Policy creation is ongoing and cyclic
The _ is a path through which rules are developed, enacted, tested, and revised.
policy cycle
Policy creation is ongoing and cyclic
The next step in a policy cycle is _, or carrying out the new rules. Preferably, government agencies indeed carry out _ as they offer services and implement rules and regulations. _ is needed to make sure the government enforces its own rules. Many of our worst problems in air pollution, and related respiratory ailments, for example, could be controlled if we enforced existing air quality rules more effectively.
implementation
policy directives
Persistent public attention
Policy creation is ongoing and cyclic
It almost regularly requires reevaluation and enhancement after time, once a rule is enacted. It is necessary to “_” a law, or vote again to continue a law to expire after a designated number of years.
reauthorize
The cornerstone of the Philippine Environmental Policy is the _, series of _ or the so-called _ was signed into law by _, and taking effect on _.
Presidential Decree No. 1152
1977
Philippine Environment Code
President Ferdinand E. Marcos
June 6, 1977
P.D. 1152 does three essential things:
(1) it serves as a framework in the launching of a comprehensive program of environmental protection and management
(2) the achievement and maintenance of such levels of air quality as to protect public health; and
(3) the prevention of the greatest extent practicable, injury and damage to plant and animal life and property, and promote the social and economic development of the country
_ regulates air emissions.
The Clean Air Act of 1999 (R.A. 8749)
The law aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the National Air Quality guideline values for criteria pollutants, throughout the Philippines, while minimizing the possible associated impacts on the economy.
The Clean Air Act of 1999 (R.A. 8749)
The Economic Burden of Air Pollution Economic costs of air pollution from fossil fuels as a share of GDP in 2018
China -
Brazil -
6.6%
0.8%
_ protects surface water.
The Clean Water Act of 2004 (R.A. 9275)
The law aims to protect the country’s water bodies from pollution from land-based sources (industries and commercial establishments, agriculture, and community/household activities)
The Clean Water Act of 2004 (R.A. 9275)
It provides a comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through a multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all the stakeholders.
The Clean Water Act of 2004 (R.A. 9275)
_ protects wildlife.
The Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2001 (R.A. 9147)
This law aims to conserve and protect the country’s wildlife resources and their habitats, appropriating funds for promoting ecological balance and enhancing biological diversity. Further, it focuses on the regulation of the collection and trade of wildlife.
The Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2001 (R.A. 9147)
It also strives to pursue, with due regard to the national interest, the Philippine commitment to international conventions, protection of wildlife and their habitats, and the initiation or support of scientific studies on the conservation of biological diversity
The Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2001 (R.A. 9147)
_ addresses hazardous sites.
The Toxic Substances, Hazardous, and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990 (R.A. 6969)
The law aims to regulate or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale, distribution, use, and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures that present an unreasonable risk to human health.
The Toxic Substances, Hazardous, and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990 (R.A. 6969)
It likewise prohibits the entry, even in transit, of hazardous and nuclear wastes and their disposal into the Philippine territorial limits for whatever purpose; and to provide advancement and facilitate research and studies on toxic chemicals.
The Toxic Substances, Hazardous, and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990 (R.A. 6969)
The _ was established in 1978 with the enactment of Presidential Decree No. 1586
Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) System
facilitate the attainment
and maintenance of the
balance between socio-
economic development and
environmental protection
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
_ is a planning and management tool that will support the government, decision makers, and the affected community. The proponents address the negative consequences or risks of the environment. The process assures the implementation of environment-friendly projects.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
_ as amended by the
_, otherwise known as the _, an act is declaring protected areas and providing for their management, and other purposes.
The National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992 (R.A. 7586)
Republic Act No. 11038
Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas Systems Act of 2018
_, an Act providing for the development, management, and conservation of the fisheries and aquatic resources, integrating all laws pertaining to that, and other purposes.
The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 (R.A. 8550)
International Environmental Policies
More than _ treaties and conventions over the past _ years have been conveyed to protect our global environment.
170
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