Module 4 Flashcards
The contamination of the environment by humans adding any substance or energy.
Pollution
_, _, _, _, _, _, _ and _ are common pollutants that can affect the environment adversely.
Heavy metals, gases, oil, sewage, noise, heat, radiation and pesticides
Any matter or energy introduced by human activities that produces harmful effects on resident populations thus altering community
structure.
Pollutant
_ refers to the changes in physical and chemical properties and the biological characteristics detrimental to various bodies of water, land, and air.
Pollution
_ brings harmful effects on human life and the environment as a whole.
Pollution
Substances that can bring unfavourable changes to different water bodies, land, and air.
Pollutants
It can be dust, smoke, chemicals (e.g., Methyl mercury), or factors such as heat or noise discharged into our environment.
Pollutants
Furthermore, some _ like chemicals can accumulate within the tissues of living organisms and eventually magnified.
pollutants
_ is the increase in concentration of a substance in successive members of a food chain.
Biological magnification
Toxic substances may accumulate in
members of higher trophic levels as a
result of _.
biomagnification
Refers to the gradual increase in concentration/accumulation of chemicals.
Bio-magnification
They move along the food chains towards the members of the higher tropical level.
Bio-magnification
The movement on compounds
(molecules) through trophic
levels is called _.
trophic transfer
Toxic substances, like
nutrients, can be transferred
through _.
trophic levels
_ occurs when toxic substances enter water bodies such as oceans, lakes and rivers leading to the degradation of water quality and rendering it toxic to human health and the environment.
Water pollution
_ refers to the substances added to water bodies, and these may be chemicals or heat reaching a particular level, which is unfavorable for living organisms (humans, animals, and aquatic organisms).
water pollution
_ can significantly inhibit the normal activities of various living communities.
Water pollution
Refers to different aquatic contamination, such as enrichment of nutrients from excessive application of fertilizers that cause eutrophication and toxic chemicals that are introduced to an extent detrimental to aquatic life.
Water pollution
Causes of Water Pollution:
Domestic Wastes
Industrial Wastes
Agricultural Wastes
includes wastes coming from
houses and different commercial
establishments.
Domestic Wastes
These wastes usually contain nitrates and phosphates that are usually responsible for eutrophication.
Domestic Wastes
sewage water carries pathogens, other harmful bacteria, and chemicals that
can cause serious health problems leading to diseases.
Domestic Wastes
_ refers to the phenomenon in which enrichment of nutrients leading to the increase of the algal population.
Eutrophication
It affects living organisms, specifically aquatic organisms, as the bacteria and fungi consume enormous amounts of dissolved oxygen by degrading organic wastes coming from different domestic sources. Lesser dissolved oxygen in different water bodies, such as lakes and rivers, may lead to fish kill and death of other aquatic organisms.
_ contains large amounts of toxic chemicals.
Industrial Wastes
_ occurs when untreated industrial waste is irresponsibly discharged into water bodies.
Heavy water pollution
_ can accumulate within the living
tissues of aquatic organisms living in
those areas and threatens human
health through the food chain.
industrial chemical wastes discharged
_ can also be considered as major sources of water pollution.
Industries
Considerable numbers of factories are known to release _ to different bodies of water without being adequately treated.
effluents
Wastes such as fertilizers, farm animal wastes, and sediments contribute to the pollution of water.
Agricultural Wastes
These wastes can move to adjacent water bodies, especially after raining as they are carried away by water runoff.
Agricultural Wastes
These wastes containing nitrates and phosphates can cause enrichment of nutrients leading to eutrophication.
Agricultural Wastes
Effects of Water Pollution:
Eutrophication
Diseases
Water with high concentrations of nutrients is low in _ few animals can live in it.
oxygen
Consuming polluted water can cause _, _, _, _, and _.
typhoid, cholera, hepatitis, methemoglobinemia, and various other diseases.
Pollution of water is responsible for numerous water-borne infectious diseases such as _ and _.
cholera and typhoid
Nutrients from plants and agricultural wastes contribute nitrate, phosphate, and ammonia, enhancing the growth of algae in the water leading to _.
eutrophication
Nitrates present in drinking water are known to cause _.
methemoglobinemia in babies (blue babies)
The _ coming from industries and factories can accumulate within the living tissues of aquatic organisms, altering different physiological functions and their growth.
heavy metals
_ occurs when there is a release of air pollutants in the atmosphere and can bring global effects and is harmful to human health
Air pollution
_ resulted from the release of air pollutants coming from industries, automobiles, burning of fossil fuels, and agricultural wastes.
Air pollution
This type of pollution can bring harmful global effects, such as climate change.
Air pollution
Causes of Air Pollution:
Industrial Pollutants
Automobiles
Burning of fuels
Agricultural Activities
_ and _ release CO, CO2, SO2, H2S, and hydrocarbons.
Industrial chimneys and powerhouses
Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Hydrogen Sulfide
These pollutants are the usual result of processes such as the burning of fossil fuels.
Industrial pollutants
CO, CO2, SO2, H2S, and hydrocarbons.
Phosphate fertilizer manufacturing plants release _.
fluorine compounds (HF, F2, SiF4, H2SiF6)
Hydrogen fluoride
Fluorine
Silicon tetrafluoride
Hexafluorosilicic acid
Various chemical industries are also known to release _, _, _, _, _, _, _, and _, _, and _.
hydrochloric acid, chlorine, oxides of nitrogen, Zn, Pb, As, oxides of Cu, and SO2, CO, and H2S.
As - Arsenic
the most significant contributor
to air pollution
Automobiles
Causes of Air Pollution: Automobiles
usage of petrol and diesel releases
the three volatile organic
compounds (VOC)- _,
_, and _.
benzene, toluene, and xylene.
Causes of Air Pollution: Automobiles
According to research, automobiles release about _ of the carbon monoxide and _ of the hydrocarbons and nitrous oxide.
two-thirds
one-half
Causes of Air Pollution: Automobiles
The _ occurring in automobiles produces lead compounds found to bring harmful effects on living organisms.
combustion process
Causes of Air Pollution: Automobiles
Unfortunately, _ is shown to have strong correlations with cancer.
benzene
_ are found to produce two-thirds of
sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere,
resulting to acid rain.
Burning of fuels
power plants producing electricity
Cause of Air Pollution: Burning of Fuels
_ and _ came from the combustion of fossil fuels.
Diesel and petroleum
These air pollutants are linked to acid rain, destroying buildings and establishments in cities.
Burning of Fuels
_ is a colorless gas produced by combustion of fossil fuels at power plants and certain industrial sources.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) along with nitrogen oxides results in _.
acid rain
The impact of acid rain in _ has been sever and is most noticed in forests of the _.
Europe
northeastern US
_ are associated with the burning of forest areas and grasslands to provide pastures and croplands for production.
Agricultural activities
Agricultural Activities: Burning of Forest Areas and Grasslands
This activity alone can produce _ of CO2.
60 to 65%
Causes of Air Pollution: Agricultural Activities
_ is also produced from biomass burning, paddy fields, and guts of livestock.
Methane
Causes of Air Pollution: Agricultural Activities
_ has been found to release organic phosphates, chlorinated hydrocarbons, arsenic, and lead into the air.
Application of crop sprays and dusting for pest and weed control
Effects of Air Pollution:
Photochemical Smog
Greenhouse Effect
According to research, one of the effects of air pollution includes the atmosphere’s capability to reduce solar radiation by _ due to the presence of particulate matter.
15 to 20%
This particular situation, when there is an elevated level of air pollutants in the atmosphere like carbon dioxide, can lead to _. Naturally, the temperature of the earth’s surface is regulated by two factors: _ and _. When heat enters the atmosphere, carbon dioxide molecules tend to absorb it, eventually creating another layer of extra warmth. Furthermore, an increase in temperature is known to melt ice caps in Polar Regions, finally resulting in _.
global warming
the heat entering and the heat that is re-radiated back outside the atmosphere.
sea level rise
The greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon; however, the enhanced greenhouse effect occurs due to _.
elevated air pollutants
Defined as the presence of pollutants or contaminants in soil, in high enough concentrations to pose a risk to human health and the environment.
Soil Pollution
_ is the result of the pollutants originated from mining corporations, improper wastes, and sewage disposal as well as agricultural wastes.
Soil pollution
This type of pollution can bring harmful effects on the environment, mainly on aquatic communities and human health.
Soil Pollution
According to the _, _ is the alteration of soil properties due to the presence of substances at a higher concentration than the average level in which it brings detrimental effects.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
soil pollution
Moreover, _ are the majority of anthropogenic origin. Still, some naturally exist in soil as components of rocks and minerals in which can be toxic at an elevated level of concentration.
soil pollutants
Causes of Soil Pollution:
Mining Activities
Waste and Sewage Generation and Disposal
Agricultural and Livestock Activities
Causes of Soil Pollution
The major contributor to soil pollution has been observed to be chemicals or substances released as wastes or by-products of domestic, industrial, and municipal wastes, including _, _, and _.
agrochemicals, wastewater, and petro-derived products
Causes of Soil Pollution
Furthermore, there are accidental cases where those wastes are released in the environment, such as _, or intentional cases like the _, _, and _.
oil spills or landfill leaching
improper application of pesticides, fertilizers, and untreated irrigated water.
Causes of Soil Pollution: Mining Activities
Mining processes and activities like _ have been contributing many pollutants into the soil.
metal smelting
Causes of Soil Pollution: Mining Activities
The _ are capable of releasing a significant amount of heavy metals and many other toxic substances detrimental to the environment.
types of machinery used
Causes of Soil Pollution: Mining Activities
Remember that heavy metals are dangerous because of their _. It can inhibit many physiological processes in the plant, such as _ and _ on humans.
cytotoxicity
photosynthetic activity and cancer
Causes of Soil Pollution: Waste and Sewage Generation and Disposal
In terms of waste generation, as the human population _, the number of wastes produced _ as well.
increases
Causes of Soil Pollution: Agricultural and Livestock Activities
Sources of soil pollutants coming from agriculture include agrochemical sources like _, _, and _. Metals that can be found in agrochemical sources, including _, _, _, and _, inhibit the physiological process in plants like the reduction of photosynthetic activity and eventually decrease crop production productivity.
pesticides, livestock manure, and fertilizers applied
copper, cadmium, lead, and mercury
Causes of Soil Pollution: Agricultural and Livestock Activities
Excessive application of fertilizers that releases _ and _ are not just considered as soil pollutants but also poses a threat indirectly to the health of the environment and humans as well as food security.
nitrates and phosphates
Effects of Soil Pollution:
Impact on Ecosystem Services of
Soil Pollution from Agriculture
Acidification and Crop Loss
Human Health Risks Associated
with Soil Pollution
Effects of Soil Pollution: Impact on Ecosystem Services of Soil Pollution from Agriculture
Agricultural wastes that are released into the environment poses a severe threat to the environment, such as:
▪ Affecting natural resources, specifically soil and groundwater bodies, crop productivity, and living organisms, including humans.
▪ Contaminating areas of land
Effects of Soil Pollution: Impact on Ecosystem Services of Soil Pollution from Agriculture
Agricultural wastes that are released into the environment poses a severe threat to the environment—the _ of soil pollutants like the discharged chemicals onto the land. The _, such as utilizing water, is known to be polluted as it is used to water for crop production.
direct entry
indirect entry
Lowering of the soil pH caused by the buildup of H+ and Al3+ ions in the soil and the leaching of base cations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+.
Soil acidification
The main cause of _ are long term rainfall, draining of potentially acid sulphate soils, acid deposition, excessive application of ammonium-based fertilizers, deforestation and land use practices that remove all harvested materials.
soil acidification
Topsoil and subsoil acidity (pH < 5.5) affect around _ and _ respectively of the total ice-free land area of the world.
30% and 75%
Sustainable soil management practices such as incorporating the use of _ can be developed to improve soil pH, preserve soil properties and buffer soil activity.
lime
Effects of Soil Pollution: Acidification and Crop Loss
Improper application of fertilizers containing _ and _ can lead to acidification and crop loss.
phosphorus and nitrogen
Effects of Soil Pollution: Acidification and Crop Loss
_ is a factor that may contribute to further soil pollution by mobilizing heavy toxic metals.
Acidification
Effects of Soil Pollution: Acidification and Crop Loss
If the currently available nitrogen in the soil surpasses the required level of N in the plants, _, which is a microbial activity, can lead to _ that has the potential to penetrate groundwater, polluting it.
nitrification
Nitrate accumulation
Effects of Soil Pollution: Acidification and Crop Loss
The elevated amount of _ also contributes to an increase in the algal population leading to eutrophication.
phosphorus
Effects of Soil Pollution: Human Health Risks.
On the other hand, _ require more attention since there is also a higher rate of anthropogenic activities, which means higher degradation. However, _ should be given attention since they are recipients of different sources of pollution, usually coming from diffuse sources, making it harder to trace and estimate their extent.
urban soils
nonurban soils
Effects of Soil Pollution: Human Health Risks
Associated with Soil Pollution Impacts of soil pollution associated with human health and the environment are still in the process. Long term impacts of soil pollution are still _. However, efforts through more research are still in progress to better understand the impacts of toxic pollutants on human health.
vague
According to the _, solid waste shall refer to all discarded household, commercial waste, nonhazardous institutional and industrial waste, street sweepings, construction debris, agriculture waste, and other non-hazardous/non-toxic solid waste.
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
Unless expressly noted otherwise, the term “solid waste” as used in this Act
shall not include:
- waste identified or listed as a hazardous waste of a solid, liquid, contained gaseous or semisolid form which may cause or contribute to an increase in mortality or in severe or incapacitating reversible illness, or acute/chronic effect on the health of persons and other organisms;
- infectious waste from hospitals such as equipment, instruments, utensils, and fomites of a disposable nature from patients who are suspected of having or have been diagnosed as having infectious diseases and must, therefore, be isolated as required by public health agencies, laboratory wastes such as pathological specimens (i.e., all tissues, samples of blood elements, excreta, and secretions obtained from patients or laboratory animals), and disposable fomites that may harbor or transmit pathogenic organisms, and surgical operating room pathologic specimens and disposable fomites attendant to that, and similar disposable materials from outpatient areas and emergency rooms; and
- Waste resulting from mining activities, including contaminated soil and debris
Source: Residential
Typical waste generators:
Types of solid wastes:
Typical waste generators:
Single and multifamily dwellings
Types of solid wastes:
Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes, special wastes (e.g., bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous wastes.).
Source: Industrial
Typical waste generators:
Types of solid wastes:
Typical waste generators:
Light and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, construction sites, power and chemical plants.
Types of solid wastes:
Housekeeping wastes, packaging, food wastes, construction and demolition materials, hazardous wastes, ashes, special wastes.
Source: Commercial
Typical waste generators:
Types of solid wastes:
Typical waste generators:
Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc.
Types of solid wastes:
Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food wastes, glass, metals, special wastes, hazardous wastes.
Source: Institutional
Typical waste generators:
Types of solid wastes:
Typical waste generators:
Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centers.
Types of solid wastes:
Same as commercial.
Source: Construction and demolition
Typical waste generators:
Types of solid wastes:
Typical waste generators:
New construction sites, road repair, renovation sites, demolition of buildings
Types of solid wastes:
Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.
Source: Municipal services
Typical waste generators:
Types of solid wastes:
Typical waste generators:
Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment plants.
Types of solid wastes:
Street sweepings; landscape and tree trimmings; general wastes from parks, beaches, and other recreational areas; sludge.
Source: Process (manufacturing, etc.)
Typical waste generators:
Types of solid wastes:
Typical waste generators:
Heavy and light manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, power plants, mineral extraction and processing.
Types of solid wastes:
Industrial process wastes, scrap materials, offspecification products, slay, tailings.
Source: Agriculture
Typical waste generators:
Types of solid wastes:
Typical waste generators:
Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms
Types of solid wastes:
Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, hazardous wastes (e.g., pesticides).
According to _ Hazardous Waste:
a.) substances that are without any safe commercial, industrial, agricultural or economic usage and are shipped, transported or brought from the country or origin for dumping or disposal into or in transit through an part of the territory of the Philippines;
b.) by-products, side-products, process residues, spent reaction media,
contaminated plant or equipment or other substances from manufacturing operations and as consumer discards of manufactured products which products which present unreasonable risk and/or injury to health and safety and to the environment.
Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990 R.A. 6969
_ includes toxic chemicals and substances that may be flammable or radioactive.
Hazardous waste
It includes industrial wastes coming from sources like chemical plants or nuclear reactors, wastes coming from agricultural activities like pesticide and fertilizers, residues from medical hospital facilities, and debris from toxic paints and solvents.
Hazardous Waste
May be solid, liquid, or gas that brings a detrimental effect on human health and the environment and non-degradable.
Hazardous Waste
Based on estimations, about _ of hazardous wastes are generated annually.
400 million metric tons
Any form of dealing with hazardous wastes such as utilizing, storing, transporting, and disposing of threatens the environment and human health. It poses a severe threat to humans as even light exposure can cause serious illnesses such as _, _, and the worst extent, _.
cancer, congenital disabilities, and death.
One of the most famous tragic nuclear accidents had wiped out _ lives; _ people suffered. They were forced to evacuate and released radioactive material in the atmosphere that reached neighboring countries as far as _ and the _.
31
200,000
Norway
United Kingdom
Long before _ incidence was discovered in the _ and _, hazardous wastes were known to be disposed of legally in landfills and different bodies of water.
Minamata bay
1960s
1970s
The most way that is applied in dealing with hazardous waste is usually by _.
keeping it in storage facilities located at the same sites they were generated
Sources of Hazardous Wastes:
• Developing countries have used more hazardous waste for production and consumption (chemicals and materials) than in developed countries.
• Most industries in developing countries use outdated and banned technologies that operate poorly and produce hazardous wastes.
