module 6 definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

genotype

A

the genetic blueprint of an organism (alleles it has for a gene)

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2
Q

phenotype

A

the expression of genes in the environment

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3
Q

homozygous

A

a pair of homologous chromosomes carrying the same alleles for a single gene

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4
Q

heterozygous

A

a pair of homologous chromosomes carrying two different alleles for a single gene

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5
Q

recessive allele

A

an allele only expressed if no dominant allele is present

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6
Q

co-dominant

A

both alleles that are equally dominant, and be expressed in the phenotype

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6
Q

autosomal linkage

A

genes that are located on the same chromosome (not sex-chromosome)

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6
Q

dominant allele

A

an allele that will always be expressed in phenotype

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7
Q

sex-linkage

A

a gene whose locus is on the X chromosome (sex chromosome)

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8
Q

epistasis

A

when one gene modifies or masks the expression of a different gene at a different locus

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9
Q

monohybrid

A

genetic inheritance cross of characteristics determined by one gene

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10
Q

dihybrid

A

genetic inheritance cross for a characteristics determined by two genes

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11
Q

gene pool

A

all the alleles of all the genes within a population at one time

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12
Q

population

A

all the individuals of one species in one area at one time

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13
Q

allele frequency

A

the proportion of an allele within the gene pool

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14
Q

definition of continuous variation

A

characteristic with continuous values

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15
Q

definition of discontinuous variation

A

characteristics with categorical values

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16
Q

examples of continuous variation

A

mass and height of organisms

17
Q

examples of discontinuous variation

A

blood group

18
Q

speciation

A

occurs one original population of the same species becomes reproductively isolated. This isolation means that there are now two of the same species, but they can’t breed together to produce fertile offspring.

19
Q

allopatric speciation

A

populations are separated geographically e.g. earthquake

20
Q

sympatric speciation

A

populations can become reproductively isolated due to differences in behaviour.

21
Q

genetic bottle neck

A

caused by events that kill almost all of the population only leave a small gene pool of individuals left. (through over-hunting)

22
Q

founder effect

A

few individuals from an existing population relocated to an isolated area. (reduces genetic diversity)

23
Q

natural selection

A

organisms with phenotypes providing selective advantage are likely to survive and pass on their advantageous genes to offspring.

24
Q

artificial selection

A

humans select plants/animals with favourable characteristics an breed them together (selective breeding)

25
Q

advantages of micropropagation

A
  • rapid reproduction of plants
  • creates disease free plants
  • can clone seedless plants e.g. grapes
  • can grow plants that do not grow from seed easily
26
Q

disadvantages of micropropagation

A
  • expensive
  • if original cells have a viral infection, all plants produced will have virus too
  • monocultures are grown and the gene pool is reduced, so all the plants are susceptible to the same diseases
27
Q

advantages of animal cloning

A
  • animals with desirable characteristics will produce more offspring than with natural reproduction
  • can be used to increase number of rare or endangered animals
28
Q

disadvantages of animal cloning

A
  • higher rate of miscarriage when implanting embryos
  • animals often have shorter life span
  • unethical use of embryos
29
Q

advantages of micro-organisms in biotechnology

A
  • grow rapidly
  • no ethical concerns about growing microbes
  • microbes are rich in protein and low in fat
30
Q

disadvantages of micro-organisms in biotechnology

A
  • can produce toxins if growing conditions not carefully controlled
  • must be grown in aseptic conditions
  • no natural flavour, so additives must be added
31
Q

population

A

group of organisms of the same species living in the same habitat

32
Q

habitat

A

part of an ecosystem in which particular organisms live

33
Q

community

A

all the populations of different species in the same area at the same time

34
Q

ecosystem

A

the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment (abiotic/biotic factors)

35
Q

niche

A

role of an organism within the environment e.g. position on the food web

36
Q

carrying capacity

A

maximum population size an organism can support

37
Q

abiotic factors

A

non-living conditions of an ecosystem e.g. temperature, soil pH

38
Q

biotic factors

A

predation, competition

39
Q

conservation

A

human activity to help maintain biodiversity

40
Q

preservation

A

involves protecting an area by banning visitors

41
Q

advantages of conservation

A
  • ethical because all organisms have right to live
  • social: has physical and mental health benefits
  • economic: medicines