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PSYC 331, Personality (Final) > Module 6: Classical and Contemporary Psychoanalytic Theories > Flashcards

Module 6: Classical and Contemporary Psychoanalytic Theories Flashcards

1
Q

Most psychologists describe their therapeutic approach as electric. What does this mean>

A

Means that they incorporate techniques from diverse theoretical schools

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2
Q

What are 2 key assumptions that psychoanalysts tend to make?

A
  1. Maladaptive behaviours stem from unconscious and unresolved conflicts from the patient’s childhood
  2. All behaviours are meaningful for understanding the unconscious (aka psychic determinism)
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3
Q

What are 3 important ways that modern psychoanalysis differs from the early approaches (i.e., Freud)?

A
  1. More collaborative and emphasizes the importance of therapeutic alliance
  2. Often time-limited and focus on a particular problem
  3. Analyst is more active and contributes more to helping the patient resolve their problem
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4
Q

Dr. Otto Kernberg contends that there are 4 components that define the psychoanalytic technique:

A
  1. Interpretation
  2. Analysis of transference
  3. Analysis of countertransference
  4. Technical neutrality
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5
Q

Interpretation generally focuses on…

A

defence mechanisms

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6
Q

Interpretation can involve 3 things:

A

Clarification
- analyst asks questions to clarify the patient’s perspective on their conscious experience

Confrontation
- the analyst highlights nonverbal components of the patient’s behaviour bringing them into the patient’s conscious awareness

Interpretation
- analyst shares a hypothesis about the patient’s behaviour

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7
Q

When the client repeats or “plays out” conflicts about their past with the analyst

A

Transference

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8
Q

What tends to predominate during transference?

A

Defence mechanisms

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9
Q

The analyst’s reactions to the patient and what they are saying and/or doing

A

Countertransference

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10
Q

Countertransference is influenced by…

A

What is going on in the patient’s and analyst’s lives

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11
Q

Remaining neutral with respect to the patient’s internal conflicts; not imposing own values or ideas; analyst acts as a mirror that reflects back the patient’s assumptions, behaviours, etc.

A

Technical neutrality

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12
Q

Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development is based on the concept of epigenesis which is the assumption that:

A

development happens in clearly defined, sequential stages

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13
Q

Erikson proposed that when people successfully resolve a psychosocial task, they emerge from the stage with a ___________. If they do not successfully resolve a psychosocial task they emerge with a ________________ or a ___________________

A

virtue; malignancy; maladaptation

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14
Q

What stage (aka psychosocial task) characterizes age 0-2? What is the associated virtue, significant relationship, existential question, and examples?

A

Trust vs. Mistrust

Virtue: Hope
Relationship: Mother
Existential question: Can I trust the world?
Examples: Feeding, abandonment

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15
Q

What stage (aka psychosocial task) characterizes age 2-4? What is the associated virtue, significant relationship, existential question, and examples?

A

Autonomy vs. Shame

Virtue: Will
Relationship: Parents
Existential question: Is it ok to be me?
Examples: Toilet training, dressing oneself

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16
Q

What stage (aka psychosocial task) characterizes age 4-5? What is the associated virtue, significant relationship, existential question, and examples?

A

Initiative vs. Guilt

Virtue: Purpose
Relationship: Family
Existential question: Is it okay for me to do, move, and act?
Examples: Exploring, using tools, making art

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17
Q

What stage (aka psychosocial task) characterizes age 5-12? What is the associated virtue, significant relationship, existential question, and examples?

A

Industry vs. Inferiority

Virtue: Competence
Relationship: Neighbours, school
Existential question: Can I make it in the world?
Examples: School, sports

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18
Q

What stage (aka psychosocial task) characterizes age 13-19? What is the associated virtue, significant relationship, existential question, and examples?

A

Identity vs. Role confusion

Virtue: Fidelity
Relationship: Peers, role models
Existential question: Who am I? What can I be?
Examples: Social relationships

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19
Q

What stage (aka psychosocial task) characterizes age 20-24? What is the associated virtue, significant relationship, existential question, and examples?

A

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Virtue: Love
Relationship: Friends, partners
Existential question: Can I love?
Examples: Romantic relationships

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20
Q

What stage (aka psychosocial task) characterizes age 25-64? What is the associated virtue, significant relationship, existential question, and examples?

A

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Virtue: Care
Relationship: Household, co-workers
Existential question: Can I make my life count?
Examples: Work, parenthood

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21
Q

What stage (aka psychosocial task) characterizes age 64+? What is the associated virtue, significant relationship, existential question, and examples?

A

Ego integrity vs. Despair

Virtue: Wisdom
Relationship: Humankind
Existential question: Is it ok to have been me?
Examples: Reflection on life

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22
Q

Malignancies occur when…

A

a person receives too little of the positive aspect of the task and too much of the negative aspect

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23
Q

Which is worse, malignancies or maladaptations?

A

Malignancies

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24
Q

Maladaptations occur when…

A

a person receives too much of the positive aspect of the task and too little of the negative

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25
Q

Freud believed that there were strong innate forces that provided all the energy in the psychic system and he called these forces __________

A

instincts

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26
Q

Freud developed two instincts:

A

Libido (life) instinct and Thanatos (death) instinct

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27
Q

Freud contended that most symptoms of mental illness are caused by unconscious motivations. Hysterical symptoms for example, did not occur by chance, rather they were physical expressions of repressed traumatic experiences. What is this called?

A

Psychic determinism

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28
Q

Freud’s Anna O case study demonstrates:

A

the “talking cure”

Bringing a traumatic memory into conscious awareness removes the symptoms associated with it

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29
Q

Dreams and fantasies (which are characteristic of the id) are examples of what process of thinking?

A

Primary process thinking

30
Q

Wish fulfillment

A

Engaged in by the id

Something unavailable is conjured up in the mind and this is temporarily satisfying

31
Q

Ego depletion occurs as a result of…

A

attempts at self-control

32
Q

Taking into account the constraints of reality about when and how to express a desire or urge is an example of what process of thinking?

A

Secondary process thinking

33
Q

The _________ and _________ are not bound by reality

A

id; superego

34
Q

The emotion of _________ is the main tool of the superego in enforcing right and wrong

A

guilt

35
Q

When a person whose desires are in conflict with reality or with internalized moral they will appear more ___________

A

anxious

36
Q

Efforts to defend oneself from anxiety are called:

A

defence mechanisms

37
Q

What are the 3 types of anxiety that Freud identified? Briefly describe each.

A
  1. Objective
    - fear
    - in response to real threat
  2. Neurotic
    - conflict between id and ego
  3. Moral
    - conflict between ego and superego
38
Q

Defence mechanisms serve two functions:

A
  1. To protect the ego
  2. To minimize anxiety and distress
39
Q

Freud first developed this concept (defence mechanism) as a global strategy that the ego uses to maintain forbidden impulses in the unconscious

A

Repression

40
Q

A person engaging in this defence mechanism insists that things are not the way they seem

A

Denial

41
Q

Through this defence mechanism, a threatening or unacceptable impulse is challenged or redirected from its original source to a less threatening target

A

Displacement

42
Q

This is a common defence mechanism among educated people and involves generating acceptable reasons for outcomes that might otherwise appear socially unacceptable

A

Rationalization

43
Q

This defence mechanisms involves projecting our own unacceptable qualities onto others

A

Projection

44
Q

This effect is similar to projection and it is the tendency to assume that others are similar to you

A

False consensus effect

45
Q

This is the most adaptive defence mechanisms and involves channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive instincts into socially desired activities

A

Sublimation

46
Q

According to Freud and his psychosexual stages, if a child fails to fully resolve a conflict at a particular stage of development they may get stuck in that stage. This is known as __________

A

fixation

47
Q

Elizabeth Loftus has conducted the most research on…

A

authenticity of recovered memories

48
Q

What are 2 prominent factors that can influence people to have false memories?

A
  1. The popular press
  2. Specific techniques in psychotherapy (i.e., suggestive interviewing, interpretation of symptoms as past trauma, etc.)
49
Q

What is the imagination inflation effect?

A

Having individuals imagine various events which can lead them to later rate these events as more familiar

50
Q

Who supports the notion that the unconscious can have its own autonomous motivation (aka the motivated unconscious)?

A

Freud

51
Q

Rather than viewing the unconscious as motivation, contemporary views tend to refer to it as the…

A

cognitive unconscious

52
Q

Psychologists who refer to the unconscious as cognitive in nature rather than motivated in nature posit that…

A

thoughts are unconscious because they are not in conscious awareness, NOT because they have been repressed or because they represent unacceptable urges or wishes

i.e., typing can be unconscious

53
Q

Research on the phenomenon of subliminal perception demonstrates that:

A

information can get into the mind and have some influence without going through conscious experience but unconscious information does not seem to influence people’s motivations

54
Q

Who is the prominent student of Freud who emphasized the ego as a powerful, independent part of personality?

A

Erik Erikson

55
Q

Establishing a secure identity is seen as the primary function of the _______

A

ego

56
Q

How were Erikson’s stages of development similar to Freuds? How were they different?

A

Similarities:
- Stage model of development
- Each stage represents a conflict to be resolved
- Notion of fixation

Differences
- Time span of development
- Nature of conflicts

57
Q

Who was another early proponent of ego psychology that questioned some of the more paternalistic notions of Freudian psychoanalysis (i.e., penis envy)?

A

Kate Horney

58
Q

Describe Karen Horney’s stance on Freud’s idea of penis envy?

A

Horney taught that the penis was a symbol of social power rather than an organ that women desired

Girls did not have a secret desire to become boys, rather, they desired the social power given to boys

59
Q

What is the phrase coined by Karen Horney that highlights the gender difference in response to competition and achievement situations?

A

Fear of success

60
Q

According to Otto Kernberg and Heinz Kohut, in normal personality functioning, most people develop a stable and relatively high level of…

A

self-esteem

61
Q

Most of us engage in a self-serving bias. Describe what this is

A

Tendency for people to take credit for success yet deny responsibility for failure

62
Q

Taking self-serving bias too far, that is, having a style of inflated self-admiration is a hallmark feature of what personality trait?

A

Narcissism

63
Q

What is the narcissistic paradox?

A

People high in narcissism appear to be high in self-esteem but actually have doubts about their value and worth as individuals and thus they are vulnerable to criticism

64
Q

What concept can explain why narcissist have a tendency toward aggression and violence in response to criticism?

A

The narcissistic paradox

65
Q

What theory emphasizes social relationships and their origins in childhood?

A

Object relations theory

66
Q

What are the 2 basic assumptions of object relations theory?

A
  1. The internal wishes, desires, and urges of the child are not as important as the development of relationships with significant others, particularly parents
  2. The others, particularly the mother, become internalized by the child in the form of mental objects
67
Q

What adult relationship style is characterized by mistrust, suspicion, and fear of commitment?

A

Avoidant attachment

68
Q

What adult relationship style is characterized by uncertainty, neediness, and reassurance?

A

Ambivalent attachment

69
Q

Adults with an avoidant attachment style tended to report that their parents were ____________ in their marriage

A

unhappy

70
Q

Adults with an ambivalent attachment style tended to report that their family was…

A

aloof and distant

71
Q

Describe the nature of romantic relationships for those with an ambivalent attachment

A

Frequent and short-lived
Focus on keeping partner happy
Stressful being apart

72
Q

Describe the nature of romantic relationships for those with an avoidant attachment style

A

Fear of intimacy
Rarely develop emotional commitments
Not emotionally supportive of partner

PSYC 331, Personality (Final) (12 decks)

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