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MBIO 345 > Module 6: Antimicrobial Agents > Flashcards

Module 6: Antimicrobial Agents Flashcards

1
Q

Natural penicillins mode of action

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Bactericidal

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2
Q

Natural penicillins spectrum, resistance, class concept

A

Narrow, gram pos
Inactivated by Beta-lactamase
Applies

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3
Q

Natural penicillins clinical use

A

Pen G - intravenous

Pen V - oral

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4
Q

Natural penicillins examples

A

Penicillin G, Penicillin V

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5
Q

B-lactamase resistant penicillins mode of action

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Bactericidal

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6
Q

B-lactamase resistant penicillins spectrum, resistance, class concept

A

Very narrow, mainly gram pos staphylococci
Altered penicillin binding proteins prevent attachment in cell wall
Applies

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7
Q

B-lactamase resistant penicillins clinical use

A

Oral, intravenous, intramuscular

Cloxacillin most common

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8
Q

B-lactamase resistant penicillins examples

A

Oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin

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9
Q

Expanded spectrum penicillins mode of action

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Bactericidal

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10
Q

Expanded spectrum penicillins spectrum, resistance, class concept

A

Broad
Inactivated by beta-lactamase
Applies

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11
Q

Expanded spectrum penicillins clinical use

A

Amoxicillin most common due to better absorption

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12
Q

Expanded spectrum penicillins examples

A

Ampicillin, amoxicillin

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13
Q

Anti-pseudomonal penicillins mode of action

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Bactericidal

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14
Q

Anti-pseudomonal penicillins spectrum, resistance, class concept

A

Broad
Inactivated by beta-lactamase
Does not apply

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15
Q

Anti-pseudomonal penicillins clinical use

A

Expensive

Often combined with aminoglycosides

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16
Q

Anti-pseudomonal penicillins examples

A

Carboxy penicillins - carbenicillin, ticarcillin

Ureidopenicillin - azlocillin, mezlocillin, pipercillin

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17
Q

Beta-lactamase inhibitors mode of action

A

Render beta-lactamase enzymes useless

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18
Q

Beta-lactamase inhibitors spectrum, resistance, class concept

A

Dependent on what antibiotic it is used with

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19
Q

Beta-lactamase inhibitors clinical use

A

Increase effectiveness of other antibiotics

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20
Q

Beta-lactamase inhibitors examples

A

Clavulanic acid

Sulbactam (with ampicillin)

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21
Q

1st generation cephalosporins mode of action

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Bactericidal

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22
Q

1st generation cephalosporins spectrum, class concept

A

Broad, mostly gram pos

Applies

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23
Q

1st generation cephalosporins examples

A

CephalothIN, cefazolIN (injected)

CephalexIN (oral)

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24
Q

2nd generation cephalosporins mode of action

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Bactericidal

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25
Q

2nd generation cephalosporins spectrum, class concept

A

Broad

Does not apply

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26
Q

2nd generation cephalosporins examples

A

CeFAClor, ceFONicid, ceFOTian, ceFOTetan, ceFAMandole, ceFORanide, ceFURoxime, ceFOXitin

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27
Q

3rd generation cephalosporins mode of action

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Bactericidal

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28
Q

3rd generation cephalosporins spectrum, class concept

A

Broad

Does not apply

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29
Q

3rd generation cephalosporins clinical use

A

Crosses blood-brain barrier easier than 1st generation

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30
Q

3rd generation cephalosporins examples

A

CefIXIME, cefotaXIME, ceftizoXIME, cefoperaZONE, ceftazidIME, ceftriaXONE

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31
Q

4th generation cephalosporins mode of action

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Bactericidal

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32
Q

4th generation cephalosporins spectrum

A

Broad

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33
Q

4th generation cephalosporins examples

A

Cefipime (cefepime), cefpirome

34
Q

Aztronam mode of action

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Bactericidal

35
Q

Aztronam spectrum, resistance

A

Narrow

Ineffective against gram pos and anaerobes

36
Q

Aztronam clinical use

A

Effective against Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas that are resistant to other antibiotics

37
Q

Carbapenems: Imipenem mode of action

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Bactericidal

38
Q

Carbapenems: Imipenem spectrum, resistance

A

Broad

Resistant to MRSA and VRE

39
Q

Carbapenems: Imipenem clinical use

A

Effective against most anaerobes and most gram neg rods

40
Q

Glycopeptides: Vancomycin mode of action

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Bactericidal

41
Q

Glycopeptides: Vancomycin spectrum, resistance

A

Narrow, gram pos

Some strains of enterococci becoming resistant

42
Q

Glycopeptides: Vancomycin clinical use

A

Reserved for MRSA, C. Diff, resistant strains of Enterococcus
Toxic - hearing loss

43
Q

Macrolides: Erythromycin mode of action

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis

Bacteriostatic, cidal in high concentrations

44
Q

Macrolides: Erythromycin spectrum

A

Narrow, gram pos

45
Q

Macrolides: Erythromycin clinical use

A

S. pyogenes infections when allergic to penicillin
“exotics” - Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia
Clindamycin has similar properties

46
Q

Macrolides: Chloramphenicol mode of action

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis

Bacteriostatic

47
Q

Macrolides: Chloramphenicol spectrum

48
Q

Macrolides: Chloramphenicol clinical use

A

Penetrates CNS
Toxic, only used when cannot use others
Causes aplastic anemia, gray syndrome, bone marrow depression

49
Q

Macrolides: Tetracyclines mode of action

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis

Bacteriostatic

50
Q

Macrolides: Tetracyclines spectrum, resistance

A

Broad

Resistance is common

51
Q

Macrolides: Tetracyclines clinical use

A

“exotics” - Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, rickettsial infections

Deposition in bone structure - not for use in children

52
Q

Macrolides: Tetracyclines examples

A

Terramycin, aureomycin, doxycycline, minocycline

53
Q

Macrolides: Aminoglycosides mode of action

A

Inhibition of protein synthesis

Bactericidal

54
Q

Macrolides: Aminoglycosides spectrum, class concept

A

Broad

Does not apply

55
Q

Macrolides: Aminoglycosides clinical use

A

Ineffective in anaerobes
Synergistic with beta-lactam antibiotics
Affected by Ca and Mg
Toxic to kidneys and eighth cranial nerve

56
Q

Macrolides: Aminoglycosides examples

A

Kanamycin, gentamycin, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin, spectinomycin

57
Q

Quinolones: Fluoroquinolones mode of action

A

Inhibition of DNA replication

Bactericidal

58
Q

Quinolones: Fluoroquinolones spectrum

59
Q

Quinolones: Fluoroquinolones clinical use

A

Irreversible cartilage and skeletal damage

Unusable under 18, pregnant, nursing

60
Q

Quinolones: Fluoroquinolones examples

A

Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin

61
Q

Quinolones: Nalidixic acid mode of action

A

Inhibition of DNA replication

Bactericidal

62
Q

Quinolones: Nalidixic acid spectrum

63
Q

Quinolones: Nalidixic acid clinical use

A

UTIs

Concentration too low in blood

64
Q

Quinolones: Metronidazole mode of action

A

Inhibition of DNA replication

Bactericidal

65
Q

Quinolones: Metronidazole clinical use

A

Anaerobes

Protozoan parasitic infections (Giardia, Trichomonas)

66
Q

Quinolones: Metronidazole examples

67
Q

Polypeptides: Polymixins mode of action

A

Inhibition of cell membrane function causing membrane leakage
Bactericidal

68
Q

Polypeptides: Polymixins spectrum

A

Narrow gram neg

69
Q

Polypeptides: Polymixins clinical use

A

Used in culture media and in discs

Nephrotixicity, neurotoxicity

70
Q

Polypeptides: Polymixins examples

A 
Polymixin B
Polymixin E (colistin)
71
Q

Sulfonamides mode of action

A

Prevents synthesis of folic acid from PABA through competitive inhibition
Bacteriostatic

72
Q

Sulfonamides spectrum

73
Q

Sulfonamides clinical use

A

Inexpensive
Some enter CNS
UTIs
More effective when given with trimethoprim (cotrimoxazole, SXT)

74
Q

Sulfonamides examples

A

Cotrimoxazole (SXT)

Sulfamethoxazole

75
Q

Trimethoprim mode of action

A

Prevents synthesis of folic acid from PABA through competitive inhibition

76
Q

Trimethoprim spectrum

77
Q

Trimethoprim clinical use

A

UTIs

Combined with sulfonamide

78
Q

Trimethoprim examples

A

Cotrimoxazole (SXT)

79
Q

Nitrofurans: Nirtofurantoin mode of action

A

Unclear, may damage DNA, protein, translation enzyme

Bactericidal at high concentrations, static at low

80
Q

Nitrofurans: Nirtofurantoin spectrum

81
Q

Nitrofurans: Nirtofurantoin clinical use

A

UTIs

Blood concentrations too low

MBIO 345 (5 decks)

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