Module 6 and 7 Drugs Flashcards
What drugs belong to adrenergic agonists?
epinephrine
What drugs belong to antihistamines?
diphenhydramine
What drugs belong to glucocorticoids
prednisone, cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone, methylprenisolne, betamethasone, dexamethasone
Cortisone and hydrocortisone are…
topical short acting
Prednisolone is used for
pediatric patients and intermediatae acting
Methylprednisolone
intermediate acting, IV push or IV drip
Betamethasone
long acting, pre-term labor to help the pre term infants lungs
Dexamethasone
long acting, given for inflammation of the brain, spine, and eyes
What drugs belong to penicillin?
penicillin G, v (narrow) , and amoxicillin (broad spectrum)
What is the first gen cephalosporin?
cephalexin; can be given PO
What is the second gen cephalosporin?
cefoxitin; iv/im only
What is the third gen cephalosporin?
cefotaxime; IM
What is the fourth gen cephalosporin?
cefepime; IM or IV
What is the fifth gen cephalosporin?
ceftaroline; IV only
What drugs belong to carbapenems?
imipenem
What drugs belong to tetracyclines?
tetracycline (short acting), doxycycline (long acting)
What drugs belong to macrolides?
erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin
What drugs belong to aminoglycosides?
gentamicin, tobramycin, neomycin (eye ointment for newborns)
What drugs belong to sulfonamides?
trimethoprim (NOT A SULFONAMIDE but commonly given with it), sulfisoxazole, topical silver sulfadiazine (used for burns)
What drugs belong to fluroquinolones?
ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, gemifloxacin
What does metronidazole primarily treat?
C.diff, gardnerella vaginalis (female genital infection), H. pylori associated with peptic ulcer disease; also brand name is flagyl
What drugs belong to antifungals?
amphotericin B (drug of choice for sys fungal infections but is highly toxic), Azoles drugs, griseofulvin, nystatin,
What drugs are in Azole?
fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole, clortrimazole, and miconazole
Griseofulvin
only used to treat superficial mycoses such as with fungal nail infection
Nystatin
only used for candidiasis (yeast fungal inf) of skin, mouth, esophagus, and vagina; given orally or topically
What drugs belong to Virs (antivirals)
acyclovir, ganciclovir, ribavirin, oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir
Ganciclovir
used for CMV (cytomegalovirus) infection
Ribavirin
inhaled used for RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) in pediatrics and oral is used for hep C
Oseltamivir, Zanamivir and Permivir are used for
influenza tx
Calcitonin Salmon
for hypercalcemia; inhibits osteoclast activity and promotes renal excretion of calcium; do not take if hypersensitive to salmon or gelatin gluent or lactating; major SE malignancy
Rolaxifene
selective estrogen receptor modulator; post menopausal osteoporosis; major SE CVA, thromboembolism, leg cramps hot flashes; do not lie still for long periods of time
Bisphosphonates
decrease osteoclasts; major se- esophagus issues, musculoskeletal pain, ONJ; contrain in pregnancy and esophagus issues; take on empty stomach (ca iron mag antacids OJ and caffeine decrease absorption); be able to sit for at least 30 mins; includes alendronate, risedronate, ibandronate, zoledronate
Denosumab
inhibits osteoclast formation; major SE- ONJ, muscle pain, UTI hypercholesteremia, hypocalcemia, pancreatitis, dyspnea; contrain in hypocalcemia (correct before use), pregnancy and lactation
Adrenergic Agonists
epi specifically: main tx for anaphylaxis, ( increases BP, bronchodilates, vasoconstricts), Major se- bronchospasms, arrythmias, hypertension, incrased HR, tremors, nervous; contrain in HTN, diabetes, arterosclerosis
Glucocorticoids
nearly identical to the steroids produced by adrenal cortex; suppresses inflammation (pharm dose); maturation of fetal lungs, used for RA and lupus, major se- adrenal insufficiency, osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, cataracts, cushing
contrain- live virus vaccines, sys fungal inf, peds and preg; do not abruptly discontinue (taper), highly individualized dose,giver before 0900
Sulfonamides
man made, broad spectrum, UTI is principal indication,T
Trimethoprim
not a sulfonamide but commonly given with; UTI and otitis media (peds); se- pruritis, altered taste, n/v glossitis; contrain in folate deficiency, renal impair, preg; admin empty stomach
Fluoroquinolones
-acin drugs; pregnant women should not take; tendon rupture, peripheral neuropathy, hyperglycemia
Ciprofloxacin: CDAD, hepatotocivity, seizures, suicidal thoughts, contrain- aortic aneurysim, lactation, children, corticosteroids, transplant GT prolongation
Metronidazole
brand name Fagyl; treats C. diff, H pylori peptic ulcer; Se- sjs, seizures, abd pain, n, HA; caution in hx of seizures, hepatic impair, corticosteroids, preg, lact; avoid alcohol
Griseofulvin
antifunfal; various tinea inf (not used for ones that can be treated topically); SE- erythema multiforme, SJS TEN, hepatotoxicity; possible cross sensitivty with penicillin; give with meals high in fat content ; do not drink alcohol
Acyclovir
antiviral; recurrent genital herpes, shingles, chickenpox, herpes simplex; SE- SJS, renal failure, seizures, HA, n/v/d; contrain- hypersensitivity to milk protein concentrate, preg, lact, geri, ; start asap after s/s appear
Aminoglycosides
can cause serious damage to inner ears and kidneys; give parenterally
Gentamicin: SE- oto and nephrotoxicity, contrain- preg, renal impair, neonates, geri, neuromuscular dz
Cephalosporins
usually not a first choice drug; broadest spectrum and greatest potency, caution use in penicillin allergy; can cause bleeding, avoid alcohol
SE- CDAD, seizures, rash, diarrhea,
Contrain- renal impair, GI dz, lactation
Antihistamines
H1: mild allergy, motion sickness, insomnia, common cold ; vasodilates, increase capillary permeability, bronchoconstriction, 1st gen has sedation; H2: gastric and duodenal ulcers
SE- sedation(1st gen), cns effects, n/v, constipation; anticholinergic effect
Contrain in 3rd trimester and lactation
Vancomycin
primary tx for MRSA; SE- nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, DRESS, SJS, TEN,
Contrain- renal and hearing impairment; int obstruction/inflammation, preg lact
given parenterally EXCEPT for C.diff (must be given oral)
Carbapenems
not active against MRSA; must be given parenterally;
Imipenem: extremely broad; SE- CDAD, seizures, n/v/d, rash
Contrain- cross sensitivty with penicillin/cephalosporins, seizure disorder, renal impair, lact, preg,; may decreased effectiveness of antiseizure drugs
Penicllin
G and V are naturally occuring;
V: narrow; oral
G: parenteral, narrow
Amoxicillin: broad oral
SE- DRESS, SJS, CDAD, TEN, seizures, rash, n/v/d;
Contrain- severe renal impair, lactation, geri, preg,
Fluconazole
SE- torsades de pointes, SJS, TEN, hepatotoxicity
Contrain- concurrent use of erythromycin (and others), pregnancy, renal impair, liver dz, heart dz, QT interval issues
Tetracyclines
broad spectrum, resistance has emerged; Contrain- do not give to preg or children <8, those with renal impair, ca, milk, iron, mag and most antacids;
SE- tooth discoloration, bony growth retardation, photosensitivity, hepatotoxicity
avoid giving at bed; give on empty stomach
treats acne too
Macrolides
broad spectrum; FIRST choice for PERTUSSIS (whooping cough)
SE- n/v/d; epigastric pain, can prolong QT interval (Torsades De pointes), CDAD, arrythmias,
Contrain: long QT syndrome, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, HR <50, preg, geri
Nystatin
ONLY used for candidiasis (yeast) infection of skin, mouth, esophagus, vagina
SE- SJS, contact dermatitis, n/v/d, stomach pain
Caution in denture wearers (soak in nystatin)
Admin suspension by placing 1/2 dose in each side of mouth
Amphotericin B
HIGHLY TOXIC; drug of choice for sys fungal (life threatning)
SE- chest pain, hypotension, n/v/d, abd pain, nephrotoxic, chills, fever
Contrain- lactation, renal impair, electrolyte issues, leukocyte transfusion
Conventional lipid based formualtion are NOT interchangeable; monitor extremely closely
