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PSY4405 > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

According to Stricker (2002), what are 4 ways in which S-Ps can integrate science into practice?

A
  • In the process of doing clinical work, they display a questioning attitude and search for confirmatory evidence
  • Apply research findings directly to practice
  • Evaluate their individual practices
  • Produce research themselves
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2
Q

What is the difference between EBP and EBT?

A

EBT starts with a treatment and examines whether it works for a certain disorder, whereas EBP starts with the client and examines what research evidence will assist the practitioner in achieving the best outcome for this client.

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3
Q

What are the 3 elements of EBP?

A
  • Research evidence
  • Clinical expertise
  • Client values

All set within an organisational/environmental context of the practice

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4
Q

According to EBP, what 4 processes should you go through with a client?

A
  • Psychological assessment
  • Case formulation
  • Therapeutic relationship
  • Interventions
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5
Q

What are the 6 steps of EBP?

A
  1. Assess
  2. Ask the right question
  3. Access the evidence
  4. Appraise the evidence
  5. Apply the evidence
  6. Audit the clinical practice
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6
Q

What does equipoise mean?

A

In an RCT, treatment in any group should be consistent with competent care and there should be genuine uncertainty among experts as to which treatment (or control) is preferred

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7
Q

According to the NHMRC, what are the 5 levels of research evidence?

A

I Systematic review of RCTs
II RCT
III-1 Pseudo-RCT (eg: alternate allocation)
III-2 Cohort studies
III-3 Comparative studies with hsitorical control
IV Case series

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8
Q

What are the 4 main review bodies?

A
  • Cochrane
  • NICE (UK)
  • APS
  • WHO
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9
Q

Moriana et al. (2017): What disorders had excellent agreement among the four organisations?

A
  • Generalised anxiety
  • Specific phobias
  • Bulimia nervosa
  • OCD
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10
Q

Moriana et al. (2017); What disorders had good agreement among the four organisations?

A
  • Anorexia
  • Schizophrenia
  • ADHD
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11
Q

What reasons did Moriana et al. (2017) propose for the discrepencies between organisations?

A
  • Procedures or committees are biased
  • Different RCTs and meta-analyses are reviewed
  • Different criteria
  • Reviews are made at different time periods
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12
Q

What are 2 recommendations Moriana et al. (2017) made?

A
  • Unify the criteria for assesing evidence

- Improve the coordination between orgnaisations

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13
Q

What are some of Healy’s (and others) critiques of systematic reviews and clinical trials?

A
  • Ghost writing of BigPharma
  • Lack of access to data
  • Only publishing positive results
  • Greater funding for different research
  • Negative outcomes attributed to first arm of study
  • RCTs are based on specific experimental groups and may lack ecological validity
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14
Q

In PBE, who determines the efficacy of the treatment?

A

Practitioner

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15
Q

In POR, who derives the research questions?

A

The community

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16
Q

What are some of the benefits of POR?

A
  • Naturalistic
  • Ecologically valid
  • Allows for two-way learning
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17
Q

What are 3 alternatives to EBP?

A
  • Practice-based evidence (PBE)
  • Practice-oriented research (POR)
  • Research practice networks (PRN)
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18
Q

What are 2 strengths of the Nuremberg Code?

A
  • It’s based on natural law and human rights that have universal application
  • It’s articulation of informed consent
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19
Q

What are some of the deficiencies of the Nuremberg Code?

A
  • Its origin as a response to Nazi medicine
  • Emphasis on consent didn’t fit Nazi crimes
  • Emphasis on informed consent as most important aspect of ethical research
20
Q

After the 1954 Resolution, what was the essential feature of all versions of the Declaration of Helsinki?

A

Balancing the need to generate useful medical and therapeutic knowledge with the need to protect the health and interests of research participants.

21
Q

What are some of the strengths of the Declaration of Helsinki?

A
  • Most well known and widely available guideline on medical research ethics
  • Sound basic structure
  • Recognition of the need to ensure that research produces genuine medical advance, not repetitious or imitative work
22
Q

What are some of the weaknesses of the Declaration of Helsinki?

A
  • Politicised (eg: weakening the centrality of informed consent to permit a wider range of research)
  • Internal contradictions and vagueness
23
Q

The Belmont Report sought to tie together the provisions for human research ethics under 3 broad principles. What were they?

A
  • Respect for persons
  • Beneficence
  • Justice
24
Q

What does Respect for persons relate to?

A

Informed consent

25
Q

What does Beneficence relate to?

A

Do no harm

26
Q

What does Justice relate to?

A

Making sure subjects aren’t exploited

27
Q

Inventing data

A

Fabrication

28
Q

Twisting data

A

Falsification

29
Q

Incorrect methodology, statistical procedures etc.

A

Incompetence

30
Q

Poor record keeping or project monitoring

A

Careless work habits

31
Q

Deliberate misreporting of data

A

Intentional bias

32
Q

Publishing different components of the same data in different journals

A

Questionable publication practices/authorship

33
Q

Not following federal research policy, not providing informed consent etc.

A

Failure to follow the regulations of science

34
Q

Harassment or exploitation

A

Difficult or stressful work environment

35
Q

Lack of consideration of existing conflicts of interest

A

Dishonest act indirectly related to being a researcher

36
Q

What is the main reason why junior academics inadvertently plagiarise?

A

Inexperience, tied to a lack of education

37
Q

What is the main reason for research misconduct in senior academics? What type of misconduct do they often do?

A
  • Linked to pressure for frequent high-level research output

- Fabrication of data, falsification of findings

38
Q

Franco et al: What were some of the benefits of their analytic strategy?

A
  • They had a known population of conducted studies, and therefore a full account of what is published and unpublished
  • TESS studies undergo rigorous peer review
  • All survey experiments were conducted by the same firm, thus the studies are remarkably similar
  • TESS requires studies to have statistical power, meaning failure to get significant results is not due to insufficient sample
39
Q

What were the main findings of Franco et al. study on publication bias?

A
  • There is a strong relationship between the results of a study and whether it was published (40% increase in probability of being published from moving from null to strong results)
  • So few studies with null results are even written up
40
Q

Franco et al: What are 2 problems associated with not writing up null results?

A
  • Researchers may be wasting time and resources conducting studies that have already been done where the treatments weren’t efficacious
  • If future research obtains significant results by chance, then the published literature on the topic will erroneously suggest stronger effects
41
Q

Franco et al: What can be done to reduce publication bias going forward?

A
  • Better understand the motivations of researchers who choose to pursue projects as a function of results
  • 2-stage review
42
Q

What 4 situations can cause ethical drift?

A
  • Intense competition for your resources eg: time
  • There is little tangible reward for making an ethical decision and acting on it
  • You perceive others acting in ways that are ethically compromised
  • You are coerced by others to act unethically
43
Q

What traits and behaviours are negatively associated with burnout?

A
  • Extraversion
  • Openness
  • Agreeableness
  • Conscientiousness
  • Task-focused coping
44
Q

What are 4 interventions for psychologists to better value themselves?

A
  • CBT
  • Positive psychology
  • Mindfulness
  • ACT
45
Q

What are some barriers for psychologists seeking help?

A
  • Social stigma
  • Treatment concerns
  • Fear of exposing emotion
  • Anticipated risks
  • Self-disclosure

PSY4405 (6 decks)

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