Module 6

Question 1

What is the difference between vaccination and immunization?

Answer 1

Vaccination means having a vaccine, Immunization means both receiving a vaccine and becoming immune to a disease, as a result of being vaccinated.

Question 2

What are the 6 characteristic of an infectious agent?

Answer 2

Infectivity, Pathogenicity, virulence, invasiveness, antigenicity, toxigenicity

Question 3

What is infectivity?

Answer 3

-Infectivity: Ability to enter and multiply in the host,

Question 4

What is pathogenicity?

Answer 4

-Pathogenicity: The ability to cause disease in the host

Question 5

What is virulence?

Answer 5

The ability to produce a severe pathological reaction, severity of reaction

Question 6

What is toxigenicity?

Answer 6

This refers to the ability of the agent to produce a toxin

Question 7

What is antigenicity?

Answer 7

The ability of the agent to induce antibody production in the host

Question 8

What is invasiveness?

Answer 8

The ability to penetrate and spread throughout the body tissue

Question 9

What is acquired immunity?

Answer 9

The resistance acquired by the host as a result of previous natural exposure to an infectious agent ie) had chicken pox as a child. Acquired immunity may be active or passive immunization

Question 10

What is active immunization?

Answer 10

Active immunization refers to immunization of an individual by administration of an antigen (infectious agent or vaccine-killed microorganisms, living attenuated or fully living virulent) ie) vaccinations of child is active

Question 11

What is passive immunization?

Answer 11

Passive immunization transfer of antibody from an immunized individual ie)mother to infant through breastmilk or antibody containing immune globulin (blood plasma)

Question 12

What is herd immunity?

Answer 12

Herd immunity immunity of a group or community, higher immunization coverage = higher herd immunity

Question 13

What are common vaccine preventable diseases?

Answer 13

Diptheria, Mumps, whooping cough, hepatitis A/B, measles, influenza

Question 14

What are common STIs?

Answer 14

Chlamydia, Gonnorhea, infectious syphillis, HIV, HPV

Question 15

What is the most common STI?

Answer 15

Chlamydia

Question 16

What is a zoonotic disease?

Answer 16

Animal disease that can be transmitted to humans

Question 17

What is an enteric disease?

Answer 17

Disease of the gastrointestinal system, usually infections or inflammation
Symptoms – diarrhea, nausea vomiting, abdominal cramps, fever

Question 18

What is an healthcare-associated infection or nosocomial infection?

Answer 18

Infection that a patient contracts in a setting where healthcare is delivered, in an institution, or through homecare

Question 19

What are antimicrobials?

Answer 19

Can be naturla, semisynthetic or synthetic.
Destroy of inhibit the growth of micro-organisms.
Includes antivirals, antibiotics, etc.

Question 20

What is antimicrobial resistance?

Answer 20

Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of micro-organisms to resist the effects of antimicrobials
WHO recognizes antimicrobial resistance as one of the most serious public health threats

Question 21

What is key information for the National Guidelines for Immunization Practices?

Answer 21

• Immunization services should be readily available
• Vaccine providers should use all opportunities for vaccine screening and administration
• Vaccine providers should provide information regarding all risk/benefits and only recommend deferral for true contraindications only
• Vaccine providers should ensure proper documentation and report of adverse events
• Vaccine providers should be up to date with education and follow all guidelines and report any errors
• Vaccine providers should use an immunization tracking system for reminders of upcoming vaccinations

Question 22

What are the 4 principles of effective communication for immunization providers?

Answer 22

• Adopt a vaccine recipient-centred approach
• Respect differences of opinion about immunization
• Represent the risks and benefits of vaccines fairly and openly
• Clearly communicate current knowledge using an evidence-based approach

Question 23

What are some benefits of immunization?

Answer 23

They have led to the elimination, containment and control of diseases that were once very common.
Protect people from the spread of infection in the community and affects populations who cannot be vaccinated or who do not respond well to it

Question 24

What is the Public Health Agency of Canada?

Answer 24

An organization which works to promote health, prevent and control chronic diseases and injuries, prevent and control infectious diseases.
-They apply international research and development to Canada’s public health programs

Question 25

What are the 4 core functions of the Public Health Agency of Canada?

Answer 25

• Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control
• Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention
• Health Security Infrastructure
• Strategic Policy Planning and International Affairs

Question 26

Using the nursing process, prior to vaccination the vaccine provider should do what?

Answer 26

ASSESS: capability to give consent, recipient’s current state of health, assess contraindications and precautions

DO: Evaluate reactions to previous vaccinations, provide opportunity for questions

TEACH: Frequently occurring minor and rare adverse reactions, the process of vaccine administration

Question 27

What is immunology?

Answer 27

Immunology is the study of the structure and function of the immune system.

Question 28

What is Vaccinology?

Answer 28

Vaccinology is the science of vaccine development and how the immune system responds to vaccines, but also includes ongoing evaluation of immunization programs and vaccine safety and effectiveness, as well as surveillance of the epidemiology of vaccine-preventable diseases.

Question 29

What is immunity?

Answer 29

Immunity is the ability of the human body to protect itself from infectious diseases.

Question 30

What is innate immunity?

Answer 30

Innate immunity is the body’s initial defence mechanism that is not specific to particular antigens and comes into play immediately or within hours of a pathogen’s entry into the body.

Question 31

What is innate immunity made up of?

Answer 31

• Physical Barriers: skins, GI tract, body hair, etc.
• Defense Mechanisms: secretions, mucous, bile, tears, saliva, etc.
• General Immune Responses: Inflammation, complement, non-specific cellular responses

Question 32

What is adaptive immunity?

Answer 32

Adaptive immunity is the body’s second level of defence, which develops as a result of infection with a pathogen or following immunization. It defends against a specific pathogen and takes several days to become protective. It is able to have immunologic memory, which increases in strength each time it encounters a pathogen or antigen.

Question 33

What is immunologic memory?

Answer 33

Immunologic memory is the immune system’s ability to remember its experience with an infectious agent, leading to effective and rapid immune response upon subsequent exposure to the same or similar infectious agents.

Question 34

What is an antigen?

Answer 34

An antigen is a substance that the body recognizes as foreign and that triggers immune responses (disease).

Question 35

What are antibodies?

Answer 35

Antibodies are proteins that are produced in response to antigens introduced into the body