Module 6 Flashcards
What is the difference between vaccination and immunization?
Vaccination means having a vaccine, Immunization means both receiving a vaccine and becoming immune to a disease, as a result of being vaccinated.
What are the 6 characteristic of an infectious agent?
Infectivity, Pathogenicity, virulence, invasiveness, antigenicity, toxigenicity
What is infectivity?
-Infectivity: Ability to enter and multiply in the host,
What is pathogenicity?
-Pathogenicity: The ability to cause disease in the host
What is virulence?
The ability to produce a severe pathological reaction, severity of reaction
What is toxigenicity?
This refers to the ability of the agent to produce a toxin
What is antigenicity?
The ability of the agent to induce antibody production in the host
What is invasiveness?
The ability to penetrate and spread throughout the body tissue
What is acquired immunity?
The resistance acquired by the host as a result of previous natural exposure to an infectious agent ie) had chicken pox as a child. Acquired immunity may be active or passive immunization
What is active immunization?
Active immunization refers to immunization of an individual by administration of an antigen (infectious agent or vaccine-killed microorganisms, living attenuated or fully living virulent) ie) vaccinations of child is active
What is passive immunization?
Passive immunization transfer of antibody from an immunized individual ie)mother to infant through breastmilk or antibody containing immune globulin (blood plasma)
What is herd immunity?
Herd immunity immunity of a group or community, higher immunization coverage = higher herd immunity
What are common vaccine preventable diseases?
Diptheria, Mumps, whooping cough, hepatitis A/B, measles, influenza
What are common STIs?
Chlamydia, Gonnorhea, infectious syphillis, HIV, HPV
What is the most common STI?
Chlamydia
What is a zoonotic disease?
Animal disease that can be transmitted to humans
What is an enteric disease?
Disease of the gastrointestinal system, usually infections or inflammation
Symptoms – diarrhea, nausea vomiting, abdominal cramps, fever
What is an healthcare-associated infection or nosocomial infection?
Infection that a patient contracts in a setting where healthcare is delivered, in an institution, or through homecare
What are antimicrobials?
Can be naturla, semisynthetic or synthetic.
Destroy of inhibit the growth of micro-organisms.
Includes antivirals, antibiotics, etc.
What is antimicrobial resistance?
Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of micro-organisms to resist the effects of antimicrobials
WHO recognizes antimicrobial resistance as one of the most serious public health threats
What is key information for the National Guidelines for Immunization Practices?
- Immunization services should be readily available
- Vaccine providers should use all opportunities for vaccine screening and administration
- Vaccine providers should provide information regarding all risk/benefits and only recommend deferral for true contraindications only
- Vaccine providers should ensure proper documentation and report of adverse events
- Vaccine providers should be up to date with education and follow all guidelines and report any errors
- Vaccine providers should use an immunization tracking system for reminders of upcoming vaccinations
What are the 4 principles of effective communication for immunization providers?
- Adopt a vaccine recipient-centred approach
- Respect differences of opinion about immunization
- Represent the risks and benefits of vaccines fairly and openly
- Clearly communicate current knowledge using an evidence-based approach
What are some benefits of immunization?
They have led to the elimination, containment and control of diseases that were once very common.
Protect people from the spread of infection in the community and affects populations who cannot be vaccinated or who do not respond well to it
What is the Public Health Agency of Canada?
An organization which works to promote health, prevent and control chronic diseases and injuries, prevent and control infectious diseases.
-They apply international research and development to Canada’s public health programs
What are the 4 core functions of the Public Health Agency of Canada?
- Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control
- Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention
- Health Security Infrastructure
- Strategic Policy Planning and International Affairs
Using the nursing process, prior to vaccination the vaccine provider should do what?
ASSESS: capability to give consent, recipient’s current state of health, assess contraindications and precautions
DO: Evaluate reactions to previous vaccinations, provide opportunity for questions
TEACH: Frequently occurring minor and rare adverse reactions, the process of vaccine administration
What is immunology?
Immunology is the study of the structure and function of the immune system.
What is Vaccinology?
Vaccinology is the science of vaccine development and how the immune system responds to vaccines, but also includes ongoing evaluation of immunization programs and vaccine safety and effectiveness, as well as surveillance of the epidemiology of vaccine-preventable diseases.
What is immunity?
Immunity is the ability of the human body to protect itself from infectious diseases.
What is innate immunity?
Innate immunity is the body’s initial defence mechanism that is not specific to particular antigens and comes into play immediately or within hours of a pathogen’s entry into the body.
What is innate immunity made up of?
- Physical Barriers: skins, GI tract, body hair, etc.
- Defense Mechanisms: secretions, mucous, bile, tears, saliva, etc.
- General Immune Responses: Inflammation, complement, non-specific cellular responses
What is adaptive immunity?
Adaptive immunity is the body’s second level of defence, which develops as a result of infection with a pathogen or following immunization. It defends against a specific pathogen and takes several days to become protective. It is able to have immunologic memory, which increases in strength each time it encounters a pathogen or antigen.
What is immunologic memory?
Immunologic memory is the immune system’s ability to remember its experience with an infectious agent, leading to effective and rapid immune response upon subsequent exposure to the same or similar infectious agents.
What is an antigen?
An antigen is a substance that the body recognizes as foreign and that triggers immune responses (disease).
What are antibodies?
Antibodies are proteins that are produced in response to antigens introduced into the body
