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CNUR 401 > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Epidemiology?

A

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related events in human populations and the application of this knowledge to improving the health of communities.

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2
Q

How can Community Health Nurses use epidemiology?

A
  • CHN’s use epidemiology to track the distribution or patterns of health events in one or between other communities.
  • They study not only the pattern and distribution but also the determinants or factors that influence these health events
  • It is multidisciplinary and recognizes the complex interrelationships of factors that influence disease and health at both the individual and community level; it provides the basic tools for the study of health and disease in communities
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3
Q

What is morbidity?

A

The occurrence of disease in the population, includes incidence and prevalence rate

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4
Q

What is mortality?

A

The number of deaths in a population, includes case mortality rate, infant mortality rate, and proportionate mortality rate

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5
Q

In the Epidemiological Triad Model, what are the 3 factors used to understand causation factors?

A
  • Agent- the disease
  • Host- the individual or population at-risk for developing the disease
  • Environment- a combination of physical, biological, economical, and social factors that surround and influence the host and agent
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6
Q

How does the Person Place Time Model differ from the Epidemiological Triad Model?

A

This model uses the ‘person’ as the host, ‘place’ is the environment and time is the splice in time when the person and place interacted (to become infected)

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7
Q

The Web of Causation Model uses a view of complex interactions among multiple factors. What are the three levels of factors?

A
  • Macro: multi-system or societal
  • Micro: Individual level
  • Meso: familial, local level
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8
Q

What are the 4 steps when using the Web of Causation model?

A
  1. Look at factors related to specific disease
  2. Look at secondary factors to relate to the initial factors
  3. Put all of the factors together, to identify and examine the relationships what contribute to each other, which lead to the health event
  4. Determine most feasible intervention to improve health status
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9
Q

The Haddon Matrix model looks at potential risk and protective factors, what 4 components of the public health approach does it use?

A
  • Surveillance
  • Risk factor definition
  • intervention/evaluation
  • Program Implementation
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10
Q

How is the Haddon Matrix Model set up?

A

This model is set up in a chart style. The columns along the top are Agent, Host, Environment and the rows are Pre-Event, Event and Post-Event

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11
Q

What is pre-pathogenesis?

A

Susceptibility to disease

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12
Q

What is Pathogenesis?

A

From the preclinical stage to death, disability or recovery

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13
Q

What is primary prevention and what are examples?

A

This is interventions to prevent to occurrence of disease, injury or disability.
Examples are health education, immunizations, protection from accidents

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14
Q

What is secondary prevention and what are examples?

A

These are interventions that are designed to increase the probability of early diagnosis so that treatment is likely to result in cure.
Examples are health screening, adequate treatment, assessments and examinations

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15
Q

What is tertiary prevention and what are examples?

A

These interventions are aimed at promotion of independent function and prevention of further disease-related deterioration.
Examples are work therapy, use of hospital, support groups and community facilities, and rehabilitation

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16
Q

What is eco-epidemiology?

A

This is the study of ecological influences on human health. It is a conceptual approach combining molecular, societal, and population based aspects to study a health-related problem

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17
Q

What is incidence?

A

The number of people who develop a disease or health condition in a set amount of time.

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18
Q

What is prevalence?

A

The number of cases in a population at a splice in time.

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19
Q

What is infant mortality rate?

A

The number of infant deaths in a year- typically used to determine the standards of care in the first year

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20
Q

What are crude rates?

A

The rates of disease that include everyone in the population

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21
Q

What are specific rates?

A

The rates of disease in a sub group of the population

22
Q

What are adjusted rates?

A

These are rates that are adjusted to match the demographics of a comparison group (e.g. cutting the number of male participants to match the number of females in a test group)

23
Q

What is the relative risk ratio?

A

A ratio that expresses the incidence rate of those exposed and those not exposed (RR = incidence rate among exposed/incidence rate among those not exposed)

24
Q

What is an external agent?

A

Something that is not part of your genetic makeup (A virus, use of cigarettes)

25
Q

What is an internal agent?

A

Something which is part of your genetic makeup (ethnicity, sex)

26
Q

What is an Odds ratio?

A

An odds ratio (OR) is a measure of association between an exposure and an outcome. The OR represents the odds that an outcome will occur given a particular exposure, compared to the odds of the outcome occurring in the absence of that exposure.

27
Q

What is attributable risk?

A

This is the difference between the incidence rates for those exposed vs those not exposed to a risk factor

28
Q

What is attributable risk percent?

A

This is the percentage of occurrence of the health condition that could be prevented if the risk factor were eliminated (AR/incidence rate in exposed group X 100)

29
Q

What are the 9 criteria for determining causation?

A
  • Association must be strong
  • Consistency with other knowledge
  • The association is temporarily correct
  • Dose-response relationship
  • Consideration of alternative explanations
  • The association is biologically plausible
  • Replication of findings
  • Cessation of exposure
  • The association is specific
30
Q

What is a vital statistic?

A

Legally registered events: births, deaths, marriages, divorces

31
Q

Notifiable disease reports

A

legally reported diseases (TB, HIV, etc.)

32
Q

What is validity?

A

The ability to measure what the test is supposed to measure

33
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

The ability to correctly identify individuals who have the disease (true positives)

34
Q

What is Specificity?

A

The ability to correctly identify individuals who do not have the disease (true negatives)

35
Q

What are standard mortality rates?

A

The number of observed deaths in the study population divided by the number of death expected on the basis of age-specific rates in the standard population

36
Q

What is a standard population?

A

A population including rates of disease that is relevant for comparison in the study

37
Q

What are the 4 types of epidemiological studies??

A
  • Descriptive
  • Analytical
  • Ecological
  • Experimental
38
Q

What is the purpose of a descriptive study?

A

This study is one in which information is collected without changing the environment, it is based on observations to tell you ‘what is going on’

39
Q

What is the purpose of a analytical study?

A

Analytical studies identify and quantify associations, test hypotheses, identify causes and determine whether an association exists between variables, such as between an exposure and a disease.

40
Q

What is the purpose of a ecological study?

A

An ecological study is an observational study defined by the level at which data are analysed, namely at the population or group level, rather than individual level

41
Q

What is the purpose of a experimental study?

A

This type of study is when a treatment, procedure, or program is intentionally introduced and a result or outcome is observed

42
Q

What is a case specific mortality rate?

A

The estimate of the risk of death from a specific disease in a population

43
Q

What is a case fatality rate?

A

The proportion of persons diagnosed with particular disease, who die within a specific time

44
Q

What is proportionate mortality rate?

A

The proportion of all deaths that result from a specific cause

45
Q

What are the two main streams of epidemiology?

A
  • Exposure-orientated sub disciplines (nutritional, social, environmental, etc.)
  • Disease-orientated sub disciplines (Cancer, injury, etc.)
46
Q

What are other streams of epidemiology?

A

occupation, molecular

47
Q

What is a vector?

A

A factor that may carry disease ( ticks carrying lyme disease)

48
Q

What are the two modes of disease transmission?

A
  • Direct transmission (contact with disease)

- Indirect transmission (vehicle/vector transmission)

49
Q

What are the 3 stages of disease transmission?

A

1-Incubation period: from exposure to a pathogen, to when symptoms are first present
2-Prodromal period: immune system starts reacting
3-Acute period: Active replication of pathogen, symtoms very pronounced

50
Q

What are the 5 leading causes of infant mortality in Canada?

A

Immaturity, congenital abnormalities, asphyxia, SIDS, infection

CNUR 401 (11 decks)

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