Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

genetics > Module 6 > Flashcards

Module 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Griffith experiments

A

dead type S cells were able to transform type R cells into type S through DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Avery, MacLeod and McCarty

A

Only DNase was able to stop transformation, not RNase or protease. So the genetic information substance must be DNA, not RNA or proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hershey and Chase

A

DNA gets injected into cells from viruses, not proteins –> DNA must be genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A nucleotide has

A

a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Purines (double ring)

A

A and G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pyrimidines (single ring)

A

T, C, and U

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DNA directionality

A

5’ to 3’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

phosphodiester linkage

A

connects the 5’ carbon of one nucleotide to the 3’ carbon of an adjacent nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The backbone is comprised of

A

phosphate groups and sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Linus Pauling

A

proposed a-helix (single strand)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Rosalind Franklin

A

found that DNA must be helical and have more than one strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Chargaff’s rule

A

percent A = percent T and percent C = percent G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Watson and Crick

A

double strand helix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

DNA sequences are necessary for

A

synthesis of RNA and cellular proteins, Replication of chromosomes, proper segregation of chromosomes, and compaction of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

prokaryotes

A

bacteria and archaea, circular chromosomal DNA, single type of chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

DNA supercoiling

A

the formation of additional coils due to twisting forces, a way to compact the DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Positive supercoil

A

twisted in the same direction as the DNA is wound, no stress on strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

negative supercoil

A

twisted in the opposite direction as the DNA is wound, stress on strands help them separate for replication and transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

introns

A

noncoding intervening sequences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Origins of replication

A

chromosomal sites necessary to initiate DNA replication, occur about every 100,000 bp

21
Q

Centromeres

A

Regions that play a role in segregation of chromosomes

22
Q

telomeres

A

prevent chromosome shortening

23
Q

unique or non-repetitve sequences

A

found once or twice in a genome, includes protein-coding genes and intergenic regions, make up ~41% of human genome

24
Q

moderately repetitive sequences

A

found a few hundred to several thousand times, genes for rRNA and histones, sequences that regulate gene expression and translation, transposable elements

25
Q

highly repetitive sequences

A

found tens of thousands to millions of times, each copy is relatively short, some sequences are interspersed throughout the genome, other sequences are clustered together in tandem arrays

26
Q

tandem arrays

A

non-transposable elements

27
Q

Transposition

A

the integration of small segments of DNA into a new location in the genome

28
Q

Transposable Elements

A

small, mobile segments of DNA

29
Q

Simple transposition

A

TE moves to a new target site

30
Q

Retrotansposition

A

TE moves via an RNA intermediat

31
Q

Direct Repeats

A

flank TEs, identical base sequences that are oriented in the same direction and repeated

32
Q

Inverted Repeats

A

DNA sequences that are identical but run in opposite directions, contains gene for transposase, which catalyzes the transposition event

33
Q

LTR retrotansposons

A

contain long terminal repeats at both ends

34
Q

autonomous elements

A

TEs that contain all of the information necessary for transposition or retrotransposition

35
Q

non-autonomous elements

A

TEs that lack a gene that is necessary for transposition

36
Q

transposase removal

A

recognizes the inverted repeats at the ends of a TE and brings them close together to dimerize, cleave the outside of the IRs and remove the segment

37
Q

transposase insertion

A

cleaves the target DNA at staggered sites (one on each strand), inserts the TE, DNA repairs sections with gaps creating direct repeats on both ends of the TE

38
Q

Reverse transcriptase

A

TE –> RNA –> synthesizes a new double stranded DNA molecule –> intergrase adds new strands to old DNA strand by recognizing LTRs

39
Q

LINEs

A

Long Interspersed elements

40
Q

SINEs

A

Short interspersed elements

41
Q

Nucleosome

A

8 histone proteins + 146 or 147 bp

42
Q

SMC proteins

A

cause loops to form

43
Q

CCCTC binding factor

A

stabilize loops

44
Q

Heterochromatin

A

tightly compacted regions of chromosomes, transcriptionally inactive

45
Q

Euchromatin

A

less condensed, transcriptionally active

46
Q

Condensin 1

A

creates big main loops during chromosome condensation

47
Q

condensin 2

A

creates smaller loops within the big main loop

48
Q

cohesin

A

promotes binding between sister chromatids during mitosis and meiosis

genetics (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions